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111.
In self-organizing ad hoc networks, all the networking functions rely on the contribution of the participants. As a basic example, nodes have to forward packets for each other in order to enable multihop communication. In recent years, incentive mechanisms have been proposed to give nodes incentive to cooperate, especially in packet forwarding. However, the need for these mechanisms was not formally justified. In this paper, we address the problem of whether cooperation can exist without incentive mechanisms. We propose a model,based on game theory and graph theory to investigate equilibrium conditions of packet forwarding strategies. We prove theorems about the equilibrium conditions for both cooperative and noncooperative strategies. We perform simulations to estimate the probability that the conditions for a cooperative equilibrium hold in randomly generated network scenarios.. As the problem is involved, we deliberately restrict ourselves to a static configuration. We conclude that in static ad hoc networks where the relationships between the nodes are likely to be stab le-cooperation needs to be encouraged. 相似文献
112.
Self-induced effects in a passive polarization-independent vertical-cavity semiconductor gate are investigated numerically and experimentally. We demonstrate all-optical seed-pulse extraction for synchronization of differential phase-shift keying and ON-OFF keying packets at 10 Gb/s. Our results provide evidence that vertical-cavity gates, exploiting saturable absorption in semiconductor quantum-wells, exhibit attractive performances in terms of efficiency, power consumption, and polarization independency. 相似文献
113.
This paper provides an overview of the main aspects of modern fluorescence microscopy. It covers the principles of fluorescence and highlights the key discoveries in the history of fluorescence microscopy. The paper also discusses the optics of fluorescence microscopes and examines the various types of detectors. It also discusses the signal and image processing challenges in fluorescence microscopy and highlights some of the present developments and future trends in the field. 相似文献
114.
Dynamics of liquid-filled spacecraft 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A method is presented for simulating coupled liquid-solid dynamics. An important example of a coupled liquid-solid system is a satellite carrying fuel. The dynamics of the satellite and the onboard fuel influence each other, which may lead to satellite motion that is uncontrollable. For better understanding of the complex dynamics of coupled systems, a numerical model is developed. The model consists of two parts. The first part that solves the liquid motion is only briefly discussed here. The focus in this paper is on the way in which the dynamics of the liquid and the solid body are coupled. For this, the governing equations are presented in which terms appear that represent the force and torque on the solid body due to the sloshing liquid. The governing equations are rewritten such that the discrete approximation of these equations can be integrated in a stable manner for arbitrary liquid/solid mass ratios. Results are presented demonstrating the stability of the present model. A grid-refinement study and a time-step analysis are performed. Finally, the flat-spin motion of a satellite, partially filled with liquid, that flew in 1992 as part of the Wet Satellite Model experiment is studied. Results from the simulation are compared with the actual flight data. 相似文献
115.
Finite element piezothermoelasticity analysis and the active control of FGM plates with integrated piezoelectric sensors and actuators 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
An efficient finite element model is presented for the static and dynamic piezothermoelastic analysis and control of FGM
plates under temperature gradient environments using integrated piezoelectric sensor/actuator layers. The properties of an FGM plate are functionally graded in the thickness
direction according to a volume fraction power law distribution. A constant displacement-cum-velocity feedback control algorithm that couples the direct and inverse piezoelectric effects is applied to provide active feedback
control of the integrated FGM plate in a closed loop system. Numerical results for the static and dynamic control are presented
for the FGM plate, which consists of zirconia and aluminum. The effects of the constituent volume fractions and the influence
of feedback control gain on the static and dynamic responses of the FGM plates are examined.
Received: 13 March 2002 / Accepted: 5 March 2003
The work described in this paper was supported by a grant awarded by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region, China (Project No. CityU 1024/01E). 相似文献
116.
Seidel A.R. Bisogno F.E. Pinheiro H. do Prado R.N. 《Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on》2003,50(6):1267-1274
This paper presents a simple alternative for an electronic ballast operating in self-sustained oscillating mode with dimming capability for fluorescent lamps. A simple modification in one of the gate drivers side circuit allows the lamp to dim without compromising the simplicity, reliability, and low cost which characterize the self-oscillating electronic ballast (SOEB). A qualitative analysis is presented to explain the behavior of the proposed self-oscillating electronic ballast with dimming feature. In addition, the stability and the key equations for the design are derived using the extended Nyquist criterion and describing function method. Experimental results from two 40-W electronic ballasts are presented to demonstrate the performance and to validate the analysis carried out. 相似文献
117.
In this work it is presented a study on the residence time distribution (RTD) of particles in a co-current pilot-plant spray dryer operated with a rotary atomization system. A nuclear technique is applied to investigate the RTD responses of spray dryers. The methodology is based on the injection of a radioisotope tracer in the feed stream followed by the monitoring of its concentration at the outlet stream. The experiments were performed during the drying of aqueous suspensions of gadolinium oxide. The RTD responses obtained experimentally presented good reproducibility, indicating that the technique applied is well suited to investigating fluid-dynamics of spray dryers. In addition to the experimental investigation, a mathematical model was used to describe the RTD experimental curves. 相似文献
118.
G. Murali Dhar B. N. Srinivas M. S. Rana Manoj Kumar S. K. Maity 《Catalysis Today》2003,86(1-4):45-60
Support effects form important aspect of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) studies and mixed oxide supports received maximum attention in the last two decades. This review will focus attention on studies on mixed oxide supported Mo and W catalysts. For convenience of discussion, these are divided into Al2O3 containing mixed oxide supports, TiO2 containing mixed oxide supports, ZrO2 containing mixed oxide supports and other mixed oxide supports containing all the rest. TiO2 containing mixed oxides received maximum attention, especially TiO2–Al2O3 supported catalysts. A brief discussion about their prospects for application to ultradeep desulfurization is also included. An overview of the available literature with emphasis on research carried out in our laboratory form the contents of this publication. 相似文献
119.
M. Kawasaki T. Tsukamoto Y. Kimura T. Iwasaki H. Yamane 《Journal of Materials Science》2003,38(4):739-745
The damage imposed on SiO
x
deposited nylon 6 films as a result of abrasion with a cotton cloth and Gelboflex testing was examined by evaluating the rate at which copper plates, which were enveloped by the damaged films, were corroded by H2S. Abrasion with a cotton cloth caused some micro-cracking of the SiO
x
layer and the permeation rate of H2S approached that of the uncoated nylon 6 film. Damage to the SiO
x
layer by twisting and crushing progressed gradually with the number of Gelboflex test cycles and correspondingly the corrosion rate of the copper plates increased. Comparison of the corrosion rates of the copper plates kept in the pouches made of various commercial films with those obtained for the damaged SiO
x
deposited nylon 6 films showed a clear relationship between the H2 permeation rate of the films and the corrosion rate of the copper plates by H2S. 相似文献
120.
J. B. Quinn G. E. Schumacher L. W. Schultheis 《Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention》2004,4(1):41-46
Several days after heart surgery, a patient discovered his upper right canine tooth had broken at the root. Such tooth damage,
recognized post-operatively, is usually assumed to be caused by blunt mechanical force from an instrument used by the anesthesiologist
during placement of a breathing tube at the start of surgery.
In this case, the patient had saved the crown portion of the broken tooth, and it was possible to examine the root fracture
characteristics. The curvature and direction of the crack path and natural tooth situation suggested that failure could be
described through a cantilever beam model. This was confirmed when a whole extracted sample tooth was embedded and broken
by a measured force in a manner consistent with the model. The resulting fracture surface matched that of the patient’s broken
canine tooth. However, the high load and force direction necessary to fracture the root was inconsistent with forces applied
during the anesthesia procedure. The failure analysis and further investigation indicated tooth clenching on the breathing
tube during recovery was the likely cause of fracture.
This paper presents an alternate explanation for intubation-related dental injury, demonstrates the practicality of fractographic
analysis of biological materials, and introduces a methodology for simulating in vitro tooth settings for mechanical testing. 相似文献