Unpredictability and the transmission of numbers

Curiously overlooked in physics is its dependence on the transmission of numbers. For example, the transmission of numerical clock readings is implicit in the concept of a coordinate system. The transmission of numbers and other logical distinctions is often achieved over a computer-mediated communications network in the face of an unpredictable environment. By unpredictable we mean something stronger than the spread of probabilities over given possible outcomes, namely an opening to unforeseeable possibilities. Unpredictability, until now overlooked in theoretical physics, makes the transmission of numbers interesting. Based on recent proofs within quantum theory that provide a theoretical foundation to unpredictability, here we show how regularities in physics rest on a background of channels over which numbers are transmitted. As is known to engineers of digital communications, numerical transmissions depend on coordination reminiscent of the cycle of throwing and catching by players tossing a ball back and forth. In digital communications, the players are computers, and the required coordination involves unpredictably adjusting “live clocks” that step these computers through phases of a cycle. We show how this phasing, which we call logical synchronization, constrains number-carrying networks, and, if a spacetime manifold in invoked, put “stripes” on spacetime. Via its logically synchronized channels, a network of live clocks serves as a reference against which to locate events. Such a network in any case underpins a coordinate frame, and in some cases the direct use of a network can be tailored to investigate an unpredictable environment. Examples include explorations of gravitational variations near Earth.     

A group AHP-TOPSIS framework for human spaceflight mission planning at NASA

Human spaceflight mission planning is a complex task with many interacting systems and mission phases. Analog missions are Earth-based science missions whose purpose is to help understand the complexities inherent in future human spaceflight missions. The goal of performing an analog mission is to prepare crewmembers and support teams for future space missions in a low risk-low cost environment by repeatedly testing vehicles, habitats, and surface terrain simulators. This study presents a group multi-attribute decision making (MADM) framework developed at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) for the Integrated human exploration mission simulation facility (INTEGRITY) project to assess the priority of human spaceflight mission simulators. The proposed framework integrates subjective judgments derived from the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with the entropy information and the technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) into a series of preference models for the human exploration of Mars. Three different variations of TOPSIS including conventional, adjusted and modified TOPSIS methods are considered in the proposed framework.     

Corrosion behavior on the different zones of AA2014 welded aluminum alloy by AA5554 filler aluminum alloy with TIG process: Before and after solution heat treatments followed by ageing

In this work, we have studied the effects of solution heat treatment followed by ageing on the corrosion behavior of AA2014 aluminum alloy welded by AA5554 aluminum alloy. Two samples are then analyzed, in the first case the solution heat treatment is followed by quenching and natural ageing of 90 days (sample 1), and in the second one, the solution heat treatment is followed by quenching and artificial ageing of twelve hours at 190°C (sample 2). The principal observations can be summarized as: evaporation of magnesium in fusion zone, and diffusion of magnesium and copper from the heat affected zone to the fusion zone were identified. Solution heat treatment, quenching and 90 days of natural ageing leads to a uniform corrosion in the heat affected zone and in the fusion one, when the material is immersed for ten seconds in Keller reagent solution. After immersion in 0.3% NaCl chloride solution, and after solution treatment and quenching, we observed that applied artificial ageing at 190°C causes localized corrosion surrounding precipitates and then develops uniform corrosion in all zones, particularly in the fusion one. Finally, it is noted that the surface of different zones became nobler after applying solution heat treatment followed by natural ageing.     

An evolutionary computation approach to solving repairable multi-state multi-objective redundancy allocation problems

Neural Computing and Applications - The redundancy allocation problem (RAP) is an optimization problem for maximizing system reliability at a predetermined time. Among the several extensions of...     

The impact of UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation on molecular size distribution of chromophoric natural organic matter

The impact of hydroxyl radical (*OH) on the molecular weight distribution of natural organic matter (NOM) was investigated. *OH was generated via the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by ultraviolet (UV) radiation of 254 nm, also known as UV/ H2O2 advanced oxidation (AO). Additionally, the impact of combined membrane and UV/H2O2 treatment on the molecular weight distribution of NOM was studied. High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was used to determine the apparent molecular weight (AMW) distribution of chromophoric NOM (CNOM). Prior to AO, 33% of the CNOM in the water had AMW greater than 1400 Da. Meanwhile, lower AMW CNOM made up smaller amounts of the CNOM, with CNOM of AMW less than 450 Da making up 5% of the total. Under the AO conditions typically applied in drinking water treatment applications, NOM was not mineralized but was partially oxidized resulting in significant reduction in aromaticity. *OH preferentially reacted with higher AMW CNOM and the fragmentation of high AMW CNOM led to the formation of smaller AMW CNOM. Ultrafiltration removed all CNOM greater than 1400 Da AMW and a large portion of other high AMW fractions. In the absence of high AMW CNOM, *OH reacted more readily with all AMW fractions leading to a reduction in concentration of most AMW fractions. Whereas *OH reacted nonspecifically with all AMW fractions, the reaction rate between *OH and CNOM was observed to be dependent on molecular size.     

Optimization in solving inventory control problem using nature inspired Emperor Penguins Colony algorithm

Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing - In the present day markets, it is essential for organizations that manage their supply chain efficiency to sustain their market share and improve...