Transplantation of fetal tissues in otorhinolaryngology: current status and prospects for the future

The Welfare of Sick Children in Hospital' was the formal title of a report published in Britain in 1959 which came to be known as the Platt Report, after Sir Harry Platt, the chairman of the parliamentary committee which investigated the care of children in hospital. The committee found the hospitals were miserable places for children, where they were expected to conform to ward routines, not allowed to play; where to lie quietly was the accepted norm, and where, under no circumstances, were the parents allowed to visit outside the declared visiting hours. Subsequent to the publication of the Platt Report a revolution occurred in children's hospitals in Britain and other western countries, including Australia. This paper explores these changes, and discusses implications for paediatric care in hospitals and paediatric nursing education today.     

Automation of on-site observations of chemical suffosion in the foundations of hydraulic structures

Conclusions 1. A method for the real-time determination of water mineralization by means of ion-selective electrodes has been implemented in practical laboratory investigations of chemical suffosion. 2. An analysis of the results of investigations has demonstrated the conceptual feasibility of using calcium ionselective electrodes to significant advantage in automated on-site observations of chemical suffosion in the foundations of head structures situated on gypsiferous and carbonate soils. Translated from Gidroteknicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 7, pp. 26–28, July, 2000.     

The variation of thermoelastic properties under conditions of variation of isotopic composition of diamond

The parameters of interatomic interaction in diamonds of ¹²C and ¹³C isotopes are determined. The parameters are determined by two methods, namely, from the elastic modulus (potential no. 1) and from the sublimation energy at T = 0 K (potential no. 2). Based on these parameters, the Debye model is used to calculate the isobaric temperature dependences of the thermoelastic properties for isotopically different diamonds, namely, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), the density, the elastic modulus B _T , and the specific heat capacity. It is demonstrated that the best agreement with the experimentally obtained dependences of the foregoing parameters is obtained when potential no. 1 is used in calculations. The values of CTE, density, and heat capacity increase in the case of transition from ¹²C diamond to ¹³C diamond. It is demonstrated that the inequality B _T (¹²C) < B _T (¹³C) is valid at T = 0 K, which is associated with the reduction of interatomic spacing in the case of transition from ¹²C diamond to ¹³C diamond. However, as the temperature increases, the volumetric isotopic effect in diamond decreases. It is found that the B _T (T) dependences for ¹²C and ¹³C diamonds intersect at a temperature below the Debye temperature. Therefore, at high temperatures, the elastic modulus for light-isotope diamond comes to exceed that for heavy-isotope diamond, B _T (¹²C) > B _T (¹³C). Experimental results are given which confirm this effect. The variation of the properties of isotopically different diamonds with increasing pressure is discussed.     

Parameters of vacancies’ formation in the carbon-subgroup crystals

The parameters of formation of vacancies in crystals of elements of the carbon subgroup (C_diam, Si, Ge, α-Sn, Pb) are calculated. The method used takes into account both quantum effects at low temperatures and delocalization of atoms at higher temperatures. It is shown that consideration of atom delocalization brings about an increase in the values of enthalpy and entropy and the volume of the vacancy formation. At low temperatures, the parameters of vacancy formation depend heavily on temperature, with the entropy of vacancy formation becoming negative. In the region of high temperatures, good agreement was obtained with both experimental data and theoretical estimates reported in other publications. The dependence of vacancy-related parameters on temperature in the course of isobaric heating of diamond in the range from 100 to 4500 K is studied. The limits of applicability of the Arrhenius equation with temperature-independent energy of activation process are discussed. It is shown that there is validity of the “compensation rule” (correlation between the entropy and enthalpy of vacancy formation) and of the correlation between the volume and entropy of the vacancy formation within the entire studied temperature range.     

Thermal conductivity and the Wiedemann-Franz relation in melts of indium and gallium antimonides

The thermal and electrical conductivities of indium and gallium antimonides were studied in both solid and liquid states. It is shown that the calculated values of the Lorentz number (L) in InSb and GaSb, unlike in metals, increase with increasing temperature after melting. An anomalous increase in L is consistent with anomalous (for melts) temperature dependences of density, viscosity, and coordination number of these melts at the same temperatures.     

Change of Coordination Number during Melting and in the Liquid Phase

A procedure is suggested for the of calculation of the coordination number in a lattice system consisting of (N+ N_v) spherically symmetric cells, where N_vcells are vacant. Atoms of the system interact via the Mie–Lennard-Jones pair potential and may be in localized or delocalized states. Concrete calculations performed for argon reveal good agreement with the experimental data for the solid, liquid, and gas phases, and for phase transitions between them. It is found that, in the region of the solid phase and melting, the delocalization of atoms occurs via the vacancy mechanism, and in the region of boiling and in the gas phase, the delocalization occurs mainly by continuous mass transfer over the entire volume.     

Analysis of the Thermal Conductivity of Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives at High Pressures and Temperatures

Calculated values of the thermal conductivity of liquid hydrocarbons at high temperatures and pressures up to 500 MPa are given. The calculated values of thermal conductivity are compared with the experimental data of various authors. It is demonstrated that, at pressures up to 500 MPa, the calculated values of the thermal conductivity agree with the experimental data within 3%.     

Architectonics of the superficial lymphatic net of the lungs of humans and several representatives of artiodactyl animals

The superficial lymphatic vessels of the lungs were studied in man and some artiodactyl animals by the method of interstitial injection followed by dissection and clearing of the preparations. The superficial lymphatic network of the lungs was established to reside under the visceral pleura and to consist of one layer of capillaries. The lymphatic network consisting of large loops was found in sites with the increased respiratory function and with large pulmonary lobules i.e. on the costal and diaphragm surface of the lungs. In the sites of connection of lymph capillaries there are dilatations--lacunas.     

On a change in the sign of the entropy of vacancy formation in a crystal

The entropy of vacancy formation (s _v) in a crystal increases with the temperature and, at a certain critical temperature, changes its sign from negative to positive. Physical reasons for this change are considered and a condition under which s _v is positive is established. During the melting of metals, s _v is positive and the appearance of vacancies leads to disordering of the crystal, rendering it less stable and facilitating the formation of new vacancies.