TVRO Antenna Size, Ku Band Versus C Band

At this point in time, with the advent of high powered Ku band direct broadcast satellites (DBSs) and the ever increasing requirement for TV via satellite, it is safe to say that satellite rooftop receiving antennas will soon shrink in size. This will be true for DBS systems operating in the Ku DBS band, since Ku band EIRP has been increased considerably over C band EIRP. It will not necessarily be true for Ku band satellite systems operating in the broadcast satellite service band, where maximum power flux density, and therefore EIRP, is limited.     

Distribution system compensation using a new binary multilevelvoltage source inverter

A new binary multilevel voltage source inverter with separate DC sources is proposed. This n-level voltage source inverter produces a (2 ⁿ⁺¹-1)-steps AC voltage output with n full bridge inverters connected in series. The use of selective harmonic elimination modulation technique to either completely eliminate or minimize harmonics is studied. A closed-loop controller to control the capacitor voltages and adjust the inverter reactive power output is developed. Application of such a compensator for dynamic compensation of 13.8 kV distribution system is examined through transient studies using a PSCAD/EMTDC program. The proposed inverter configuration not only reduces the system complexity and its size, but also improves the harmonic profile significantly     

Integrating ABM/TOC approaches for performance improvement: A framework and application

During the last 20 years, new philosophies such as the Theory of Constraints (TOC) and Activity-Based Management (ABM) have emerged as viable, distinct alternatives for measuring and improving the performance of world-class manufacturing companies. In the early phase of their evolution, these philosophies differed fundamentally in their approaches; but there is increasing evidence that both philosophies have now evolved to a stage where an integrated framework can be developed for enhancing cross-functional coordination, thereby improving organizational performance. In this paper, a general framework is presented that integrates the basic concepts, as well as recent advances of TOC and ABM philosophies, into a cohesive framework that can be used to guide performance improvement initiatives . A successful implementation in a world-class manufacturing company is described to validate the framework and to demonstrate that these philosophies can indeed work together in positive ways. Insights are provided into the reasons for implementing such an integrative framework, e.g. identifying the most profitable mix of products, allocating scarce resources optimally, establishing priorities for process improvements, analysing the strategic investment (or expansion) alternatives, and exploiting new market segments.     

Optimization of cellulases production by Trichoderma citrinoviride on marc of Artemisia annua and its application for bioconversion process

The production of cellulases by Trichoderma citrinoviride fermented on marc of Artemisia annua, and bioconversion of the same marc by produced cellulase system was studied. The effects of pretreatments, substrate concentration, particle size, initial pH, temperature and concentration of the medium components on production of FPase, endoglucanase and β-glucosidase were monitored and comparatively evaluated. Among the three pretreatment processes, alkali hydrolysis with autoclaving was found to be most suitable for production of all the three enzymes. Optimum production of FPase, endoglucanase and β-glucosidase was obtained at 96 h, 96 h and 72 h of fermentation period, respectively. Substrate concentration of 1% with particle size between 200 μm and 475 μm gave the higher yields. Higher production of all the three enzymes was obtained with initial pH value of 5.5, temperature of 28 °C and 75% of mineral salt solution. Partially purified enzyme system obtained by optimized fermentation procedure, was applied for saccharification. Forty six percent of saccharification was noticed after 48 h of incubation on alkali hydrolyzed and autoclaved substrate which was 3.26 fold more than that of unpretreated substrate.     

Space charge limited currents in chlorazole black E dye

Space-charge-limited-currents have been studied in Chlorazole Black E (CBE) dye to understand the current-voltage relationship and the nature and distribution of traps present in the dye. Three distinct regions of voltage-current characteristics have been observed probably for the first time. The results have been discussed on the basis of carrier injection theory. There are non-uniformly distributed deep as well as shallow traps.