Gyroid‐Structured 3D ZnO Networks Made by Atomic Layer Deposition

3D continuous ZnO morphologies with characteristic feature sizes on the 10 nm length scale are attractive for electronic device manufacture. However, their synthesis remains a challenge because of the low crystallization temperature of ZnO. Here, we report a method for the robust and reliable synthesis of fully crystalline 3D mesoporous ZnO networks by means of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ZnO into a self‐assembled block copolymer template. By carefully optimizing the processing conditions we are able to synthesize several‐micrometer‐thick layers of mesoporous ZnO networks with a strut width of 30 nm. Two 3D mesoporous morphologies are manufactured: a periodic gyroid structure and a random worm‐like morphology. Exploiting the ALD property to conformally coat complex surfaces of high aspect ratio, the channel network of a 3D continuous channel network of a self‐assembled block copolymer is replicated into ZnO. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy and x‐ray diffraction measurements reveal that the chemical composition of the mesoporous structures is uniform and consists of wurtzite‐ZnO throughout the film. Scanning electron microscopy reveals an average pore dimension of 30 nm. The potential of this material for a hybrid photovoltaic application is demonstrated by the manufacture of a poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/ZnO solar cell.     

Polymers containing formamidine groups

Summary Aliphatic polyformamidines have been synthesized by reaction of aliphatic diamines with triethyl orthoformate in presence of catalytic amounts of acetic acid. The reaction has been carried out in DMSO at 180°C. The polymer structure has been confirmed by IR and NMR spectroscopy. For determination of molecular weights ¹H NMR end group signals have been used.     

Bestimmung der Oberwellenstreuung und der Zahnkopfstreuung bei Drehfeldmaschinen mit Hilfe der Feldtheorie

Übersicht Es wird ein feldtheoretischer Ansatz zur Bestimmung der Selbst- und Gegeninduktivität einer einseitig genuteten Drehfeldmaschine verwendet. Die Streuinduktivität wird in Anlehnung an die konventionelle Theorie in einzelne Anteile aufgespalten. — Es zeigt sich, daß die Komponenten Oberwellenstreuung und Zahnkopfstreuung auch von der Wicklungsverteilung im ungenuteten Teil abhängen, ihre Summe aber nicht. Deshalb werden der Koeffizient der Oberwellenstreuung und der spezifische Leitwert der Zahnkopfstreuung unter Voraussetzung gleicher Wicklungsverteilung wie im genuteten Teil definiert und für ungesehnte Ganzlochwicklungen in Kurvenform dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen den Einfluß der bei der Vorausberechnung von Drehfeldmaschinen bisher nicht berücksichtigten Parameter.

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Determination of the harmonic leakage and tooth tip leakage inductances of three phase a. c. machines using the field theory

Contents Self- and mutual inductances of an a. c. machine with open slots on only one side of the air gap are determined by means of a field-theoretical approach. The leakage inductance is subdivided into its parts according to conventional definition. It is shown that only the sum of harmonic and tooth tip leakage is independant of the winding distribution on the other side of the air gap which is not slotted. Therefore the harmonic leakage coefficient and the specific tooth tip leakage permeance are shown in curves for integral slot windings of normal pitch under the assumption that the secondary winding is of the same distribution as the primary. The results show the influence of parameters which were not taken into account in machine design calculations hitherto.

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Verwendete Formelzeichen

Gößen A Vektorpotential - B Induktion - b Breite - e Einheitsvektor - f _w Wicklungsfaktor - G Stromdichte - H magnetische Feldstärke - I Strom - h Höhe - k _c Carter-Faktor - L Induktivität - l _i ideelle Länge - p Polpaarzahl - q Lochzahl (Nuten pro Pol und Strang) - s Leiterhöhe - w Windungszahl - Luftspalt - spezifischer Leitwert - ₀ Permeabilität der Luft - verketteter Fluß - Streukoeffizient - Teilung - i, j, k, m, n, v Zählgrößen, Ordnungszahlen Indizes d Oberwellen- (doppeltverkettet) - g Gegen- - h Haupt- - i Index für Nutpotential - k Index für Luftspaltpotential - l Luftspalt- - n Nut- - p Pol- - r ungenuteter (Sekundär-) Teil - s Selbst- - z Zahnkopf- - 1 Grundwelle     

Polymers containing formamidine groups

Summary New aromatic polymers containing formamidine groups were prepared by high temperature solution polycondensation of triethyl orthoformate with various aromatic diamines. The resulting polyformamidines were characterized by elemental analysis, IR' and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, viscosity measurements, thermogravimetry, DSC- and WAXS measurements. With few exceptions aromatic polyformamidines show excellent solubility in polar solvents and strong acids, but they were gradually decomposed in extended contact with moisture. Polyformamidines containing rigid para structures are well crystallizing materials, which was proved by WAXS investigations. Glass transition temperatures in the range of 62 – 163°C were observed for semicrystalline or amorphous polymers. All aromatic polyformamidines are thermally stable in nitrogen up to 300°C.     

Carbon Nanotubes for Microelectronics?

Despite all prophecies of its end, silicon-based microelectronics still follows Moore's Law and continues to develop rapidly. However, the inherent physical limits will eventually be reached. Carbon nanotubes offer the potential for further miniaturization as long as it is possible to selectively deposit them with defined properties.     

Die Berechnung von Übergangsvorgängen bei Induktionsmaschinen mit Stromverdrängungsläufern

Übersicht Zur rechnerischen Untersuchung nichtstationärer Vorgänge bei Asynchronmaschinen mit Käfigläufern wird die Stromverdrängung mit Hilfe der Doppelkäfignäherung in einem auf der Grundlage der Zweiachsentheorie aufgebauten elektromechanischen Gleichungssystem berücksichtigt. Die Einflüsse der Eisensättigung in der Leerlaufkennlinie und in der Kurzschlußkennlinie können in erweiterten Gleichungen mit beachtet werden. Die Auswertung des Systems erfolgt in der Nachbildung am Analogrechner. Die Rechenergebnisse von Hochlauf-, Einschalt- und Netzumschaltungsuntersuchungen für große Motoren werden angegeben.

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Contents The behaviour of squirrel-cage induction machines is described by a system of differential equations based on the cross-field theory. With respect to the skin effect the rotor is represented by a double-cage approximation. Saturation of the main flux and leakage flux as well can be taken into account by an expanded form of equations. An analogue computer was used for numerical computation; results are given for the transient performance of large motors in cases of starting, starting with pony-motor and reclosing on an auxiliary power supply line.

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Übersicht der wichtigsten Formelzeichen

Indizes S Ständer - L Läufer allgemein - o Oberkäfig - u Unterkäfig - h Hauptfeld - a, b, c Dreiphasensystem - , , o Komponentensystem - N Nennwert - K Kurzschlußwert; Kippwert - auf Streuung bezogen - R Regulierläufer (Schleifringläufer) - G Gegenwirkung (Last) - A Anlauf - * konj. komplexer Wert Veränderliche Unabhängig =2f·t Zeitwinkel Abhängig u Spannungen - i Ströme - verkettete Flüsse - m Drehmoment - s Schlupf - _s Korrekturfaktor für Ständerwiderstand - Korrekturfaktor für Streuwegsättigung - Komplexe Zusammenfassung der ,-Komponenten u=u +ju ; +j i=i +ji Konstanten Kurzschlußreaktanzen - Kurzschlußdämpfungen - Kurzschlußströme - Nennflüsse Weitere Koeffizienten T _A mech. Anlaufzeitkonstante - Gewichtsfaktoren bei der Hauptflußbildung Im allgemeinen werden Veränderliche mit kleinen, konstante Wert mit großen Buchstaben bezeichnet.     

Reliability of design approaches for axially loaded offshore piles and its consequences with respect to the North Sea

In the near future, several offshore wind farms are planned to be built in the North Sea. Therefore, jacket and tripod constructions with mainly axially loaded piles are suitable as support structures. The current design of axial bearing resistance of these piles leads to deviant results regarding the pile resistance when different design methods are adopted. Hence, a strong deviation regarding the required pile length must be addressed. The reliability of a design method can be evaluated based on a model error which describes the quality of the considered design method by comparing measured and predicted pile bearing resistances. However, only few pile load tests are reported with regard to the boundary conditions in the North Sea. This paper presents 6 large-scale axial pile load tests which were incorporated within a new model error approach for the current design methods used for the axial bearing resistance, namely API Main Text method and cone penetration test (CPT)-based design methods, such as simplified ICP-05, offshore UWA-05, Fugro-05 and NGI-05 methods. Based on these new model errors, a reliability-based study towards the safety was conducted by performing a Monte-Carlo simulation. In addition, consequences regarding the deterministic pile design in terms of quality factors were evaluated. It is shown that the current global safety factor (GSF) prescribed and the partial safety factors are only valid for the API Main Text and the offshore UWA-05 design methods; whereas for the simplified ICP-05, Fugro-05 and NGI-05 design methods, an increase in the required embedded pile length and thus in the GSF up to 2.69, 2.95 and 3.27, respectively, should be considered to satisfy the desired safety level according to DIN EN 1990 of β = 3.8. Further, quality factors for each design method on the basis of all reliability-based design results were derived. Hence, evaluation of each design method regarding the reliability of the pile capacity prediction is possible.     

Evaluation of the pore morphology formation of the Freeze Foaming process by in situ computed tomography

The so-called Freeze Foaming method aims at manufacturing ceramic cellular scaffolds for diverse applications. One application is dedicated to potential bone replacement material featuring open, micro and interconnected porosity. However, the main challenges of this foaming method is to achieve a homogeneous pore morphology. In a current project, the authors throw light on the bubble/pore and strut formation of this process by in situ computed tomography. This allows for evaluating varying process parameter’s effects on the growth of the ceramic foam during the foaming process. As first result and basis for CT analysis, a stable and reproducible model suspension was developed which resulted in reproducible foam structures. In dependence of selected process parameters like pressure reduction rate or air content in the ceramic suspension resulting Freeze Foams became adjustable with regard to their pore morphology. Pore size and distribution data as well as the porosity were characterized and evaluated accordingly.