Impact of growth rate on the quality of ZNS-MQW InGaAsP/InP laser structures grown by LP-MOVPE

We investigated the influence of the growth rate on the quality of zero-net-strained InGaAsP/InGaAsP/InP multiquantum well structures for 1.55 μm emission grown by low pressure metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The samples consisted of fixed compressive strained wells (ɛ=+1%) and tensile strained barriers (ɛ=−0.5%) grown with different quaternary bandgap wavelengths (λ_B=1.1–1.4 μm). Using higher growth rates, we obtained for the first time high quality zero net strained multi quantum well structures, regardless having constant group V composition in the well and barriers. The samples were analyzed by x-ray diffraction, photoluminescence and atomic force microscopy techniques. The amplitude of surface modulation roughness along [011] direction decreased from 20 nm to 0.53 nm with increasing growth rate and/or quaternary compositions grown outside the miscibility gap. A new deep PL broad emission band strongly correlated with the onset of wavy layer growth is also reported. Broad area and ridge waveguide lasers with 10 wells exhibited low losses (34 cm⁻¹) and low threshold current densities at infinite cavity length (1020 A·cm⁻² and 1190 A·cm⁻², respectively).     

Concurrent Formation of Metallic Glass During Laser Forward Transfer 3D Printing

In recent years, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have drawn much research attention and are shown to be of industrial interest due to their superior mechanical properties and resistance to corrosion. In spite of the interest in harnessing MG for microelectromechanical systems devices, there are limitations in manufacturing such micrometer‐scale structures. A novel approach for the fabrication of 3D MG structures using laser‐induced forward transfer (LIFT) is demonstrated. Inherent tremendous cooling rates associated with the metal LIFT process (≈10¹⁰ k s^?1) make the formation of a variety of BMGs accessible, including also various binary compositions. In this work, it is demonstrated that LIFT printing of ZrPd‐based metallic glass microstructures can also be performed under ambient conditions. X‐ray diffraction analysis of the printed structures reveals > 95% of amorphous metal phase. Taking advantage of the properties of BMG, high quality printing of high aspect ratio BMG pillars, and microbridges are demonstrated. It is also shown how a composite, amorphous‐crystalline metal structure with a required configuration can be fabricated using multimaterial LIFT printing. The inherent high resolution of the method combined with the noncontact and multimaterial printing capacity makes LIFT a valuable additive manufacturing technique to produce metallic glass‐based devices.     

Optimization of electromagnetic phased-arrays for hyperthermia via magnetic resonance temperature estimation

A technique for the optimization of electromagnetic annular phased arrays (APAs) for therapeutic hyperthermia has been developed and implemented. The controllable inputs are the amplitudes and phases of the driving signals of each element of the array. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to estimate noninvasively the temperature distribution based on the temperature dependence of the proton resonance frequency (PRF). A parametric model of the dynamics that couple the control inputs to the resultant temperature elevations is developed based on physical considerations. The unknown parameters of this model are estimated during a pretreatment identification phase and can be continuously updated as new measurement data become available. Based on the parametric model, a controller automatically chooses optimal phases and amplitudes of the driving signals of the APA. An advantage of this approach to optimizing the APA is that no a priori information is required, eliminating the need for patient-specific computational modeling and optimization. Additionally, this approach represents a first step toward employing temperature feedback to make the optimization of the APA robust with respect to modeling errors and physiological changes. The ability of the controller to choose therapeutically beneficial driving amplitudes and phases is demonstrated via simulation. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate the ability of the controller to choose optimal phases for the APA using only information from magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT).     

A Simplified Internet Routing Architecture

This paper studies the effect of disaggregation on the size of the routing table in the Internet’s Default Free Zone (DFZ). Current practises for traffic balancing and protection against prefix hijacking in the Internet are based in disaggregating prefixes that cause an increase in size of the Internet’s core routing table. I propose an algorithm to assess their effect on the table size of these techniques. This algorithm is applied on routing tables collected by the RIPE’s Routing Repository between January 2001 and February 2011. The results show that before 2010, the IPv4 addressing space was gradually getting more fragmented. This trend is slowing down since the beginning of 2010, possibly as the result of the economic downturn. In the second part of this paper, I propose an alternative architecture that allows local Traffic Engineering configurations but keeps their effects from spreading over the Internet and outline an implementation for this architecture on a Linux platform.     

Preliminary results of storage accelerated aging test on InP/InGaAs DHBT

We report on the reliability of InP HBT technology which has applications in very high-speed ICs. This work presents the storage accelerated aging tests results performed on InP/InGaAs HBT at stress temperatures of 180, 210 and 240 °C up to 3000 h. We have performed aging tests for two generations of InP HBT which differ from the collector doping level and from material used for planarization. From the Gummel plots, we note that the major degradation mechanism is located at the base–emitter junction periphery. Investigations on the physical origin of the observed failure mechanism has been performed using TCAD simulations.     

Design and control of a demand flow system assuring spontaneous breathing of a patient connected to an HFO ventilator

Lung protective ventilation is intended to minimize the risk of ventilator induced lung injury and currently aimed at preservation of spontaneous breathing during mechanical ventilation. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is a lung protective ventilation strategy. Commonly used high-frequency oscillatory (HFO) ventilators, SensorMedics 3100, were not designed to tolerate spontaneous breathing. Respiratory efforts in large pediatric and adult patients impose a high workload to the patient and may cause pressure swings that impede ventilator function. A Demand Flow System (DFS) was designed to facilitate spontaneous breathing during HFOV. Using a linear quadratic Gaussian state feedback controller, the DFS alters the inflow of gas into the ventilator circuit, so that it instantaneously compensates for the changes in mean airway pressure (MAP) in the ventilator circuit caused by spontaneous breathing. The undesired swings in MAP are thus eliminated. The DFS significantly reduces the imposed work of breathing and improves ventilator function. In a bench test the performance of the DFS was evaluated using a simulator ASL 5000. With the gas inflow controlled, MAP was returned to its preset value within 115 ms after the beginning of inspiration. The DFS might help to spread the use of HFOV in clinical practice.     

Pinhole SPECT imaging: compact projection/backprojection operator for efficient algebraic reconstruction

We describe the efficient algebraic reconstruction (EAR) method, which applies to cone-beam tomographic reconstruction problems with a circular symmetry. Three independant steps/stages are presented, which use two symmetries and a factorization of the point spread functions (PSFs), each reducing computing times and eventually storage in memory or hard drive. In the case of pinhole single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), we show how the EAR method can incorporate most of the physical and geometrical effects which change the PSF compared to the Dirac function assumed in analytical methods, thus showing improvements on reconstructed images. We also compare results obtained by the EAR method with a cubic grid implementation of an algebraic method and modeling of the PSF and we show that there is no significant loss of quality, despite the use of a noncubic grid for voxels in the EAR method. Data from a phantom, reconstructed with the EAR method, demonstrate 1.08-mm spatial tomographic resolution despite the use of a 1.5-mm pinhole SPECT device and several applications in rat and mouse imaging are shown. Finally, we discuss the conditions of application of the method when symmetries are broken, by considering the different parameters of the calibration and nonsymmetric physical effects such as attenuation.     

On global and local convergence of half-quadratic algorithms.

This paper provides original results on the global and local convergence properties of half-quadratic (HQ) algorithms resulting from the Geman and Yang (GY) and Geman and Reynolds (GR) primal-dual constructions. First, we show that the convergence domain of the GY algorithm can be extended with the benefit of an improved convergence rate. Second, we provide a precise comparison of the convergence rates for both algorithms. This analysis shows that the GR form does not benefit from a better convergence rate in general. Moreover, the GY iterates often take advantage of a low cost implementation. In this case, the GY form is usually faster than the GR form from the CPU time viewpoint.     

On the detection of simple points in higher dimensions using cubical homology.

Simple point detection is an important task for several problems in discrete geometry, such as topology preserving thinning in image processing to compute discrete skeletons. In this paper, the approach to simple point detection is based on techniques from cubical homology, a framework ideally suited for problems in image processing. A (d-dimensional) unitary cube (for a d-dimensional digital image) is associated with every discrete picture element, instead of a point in epsilon(d) (the d-dimensional Euclidean space) as has been done previously. A simple point in this setting then refers to the removal of a unitary cube without changing the topology of the cubical complex induced by the digital image. The main result is a characterization of a simple point p (i.e., simple unitary cube) in terms of the homology groups of the (3d - 1) neighborhood of p for arbitrary, finite dimensions