Competitive effects of free volume,rigidity, and self-adaptivity on indentation response of silicoaluminoborate glasses

Lithium aluminoborate glasses have recently been found to feature high resistance to crack initiation during indentation, but suffer from relatively low hardness and chemical durability. To further understand the mechanical properties of this glass family and their correlation with the network structure, we here study the effect of adding SiO₂ to a 25Li₂O–20Al₂O₃–55B₂O₃ glass on the structure and mechanical properties. Addition of silica increases the average network rigidity, but meanwhile its open tetrahedral structure decreases the atomic packing density. Consequently, we only observe a minor increase in hardness and glass transition temperature, and a decrease in Poisson's ratio. The addition of SiO₂, and thus removal of Al₂O₃ and/or B₂O₃, also makes the network less structurally adaptive to applied stress, since Al and B easily increase their coordination number under pressure, while this is not the case for Si under modest pressures. As such, although the silica-containing networks have more free volume, they cannot densify more during indentation, which in turn leads to an overall decrease in crack resistance upon SiO₂ addition. Our work shows that, although pure silica glass has very high glass transition temperature and relatively high hardness, its addition in oxide glasses does not necessarily lead to significant increase in these properties due to the complex structural interactions in mixed network former glasses and the competitive effects of free volume and network rigidity.     

Processing of CaLa2S4 infrared transparent ceramics: A comparative study of HP and FAST/SPS techniques

The densification of CaLa₂S₄ (CLS) powders prepared by combustion method was investigated by the use of Field-Assisted Sintering Technique (FAST) and Hot Pressing (HP). CLS powders were sintered using FAST at 1000°C at different pressures and heating rates and sintered by HP under 120 MPa from 800°C to 1100°C for 6 hours with a heating rate of 10°C/min. Comparison of both techniques was further realized by use of the same conditions of pressure, dwell time, and heating rate. Complementary techniques (XRD, SEM-EDS, density measurements, FTIR spectroscopy) were employed to correlate the sintering processes/parameters to the microstructural/compositional developments and optical transmission of the ceramics. Both sintering techniques produce ceramics with submicrometer grain size and relative density of about 99%. Nevertheless, HP is more suitable to densify CLS ceramics without fragmentation and also reach higher transmission than FAST. Transmission of 40%–45% was measured out of a possible maximum of 69% based on the Fresnel losses in the 8-14 μm window when HP is applied at 1000°C for 6 hours under 120 MPa. In both techniques, ceramics undergo reduction issues that originate from graphitic sintering atmosphere.     

Development of Fluorogenic Probes for Rapid High-Contrast Imaging of Transient Nuclear Localization of Sirtuin 3

Protein labeling using fluorogenic probes enables the facile visualization of proteins of interest. Herein, we report new fluorogenic probes consisting of a rationally designed coumarin ligand for the live-cell fluorogenic labeling of the photoactive yellow protein (PYP)-tag. On the basis of the photochemical mechanisms of coumarin and the probe–tag interactions, we introduced a hydroxy group into an environment-sensitive coumarin ligand to modulate its spectroscopic properties and increase the labeling reaction rate. The resulting probe had a higher labeling reaction rate constant and a greater fluorescence OFF–ON ratio than any previously developed PYP-tag labeling probe. The probe enabled the fluorogenic labeling of intracellular proteins within minutes. Furthermore, we used our probe to investigate the localization of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial deacetylase. Although the nuclear localization of SIRT3 has been controversial, this transient nuclear localization was clearly captured by the rapid, high-contrast imaging enabled by our probe.     

Alternating anoxic feast/aerobic famine condition for improving granular sludge formation in sequencing batch airlift reactor at reduced aeration rate

In this study the influence of a pre-anoxic feast period on granular sludge formation in a sequencing batch airlift reactor is evaluated. Whereas a purely aerobic SBR was operated as a reference (reactor R2), another reactor (R1) was run with a reduced aeration rate and an alternating anoxic-aerobic cycle reinforced by nitrate feeding. The presence of pre-anoxic phase clearly improved the densification of aggregates and allowed granular sludge formation at reduced air flow rate (superficial air velocity (SAV) = 0.63 cm s⁻¹). A low sludge volume index (SVI₃₀ = 45 mL g⁻¹) and a high MLSS concentration (9–10 g L⁻¹) were obtained in the anoxic/aerobic system compared to more conventional results for the aerobic reactor. A granular sludge was observed in the anoxic/aerobic system whilst only flocs were observed in the aerobic reference even when operated at a high aeration rate (SAV = 2.83 cm s⁻¹). Nitrification was maintained efficiently in the anoxic/aerobic system even when organic loading rate (OLR) was increased up to 2.8 kg COD m⁻³ d⁻¹. In the contrary nitrification was unstable in the aerobic system and dropped at high OLR due to competition between autotrophic and heterotrophic growth. The presence of a pre-anoxic period positively affected granulation process via different mechanisms: enhancing heterotrophic growth/storage deeper in the internal anoxic layer of granule, reducing the competition between autotrophic and heterotrophic growth. These processes help to develop dense granular sludge at a moderate aeration rate. This tends to confirm that oxygen transfer is the most limiting factor for granulation at reduced aeration. Hence the use of an alternative electron acceptor (nitrate or nitrite) should be encouraged during feast period for reducing energy demand of the granular sludge process.     

An improved interface model for molten corium-concrete interaction

In the field of research for Severe Accidents of PWRs, calculation results are needed to estimate when corium achieves basemat melt-through. In this framework, knowledge of the heat transfer coefficient as well as the temperature at the interface between the melt and the solid are key issues. It has been previously emphasized that physico-chemistry of the melt (composition) affects the temperature. However, the effect of gas sparging and liquid concrete release on the mechanical stability of the solid layer and on the interface temperature has not been analysed in detail. ARTEMIS 1D tests were launched to analyse the phenomenology at the interface. A general conclusion for all these tests is that a solid medium enriched in refractory species exists at the interface between the pool and the concrete.Tests 2 and 6, which are close to reactor representative conditions, could be well described with the assumption T_interface = T_liquidus. The analysis of tests 3 and 4 revealed that the interfacial medium is thicker by a factor of 4-5 times than calculated with the assumption of pure conduction heat transfer. Detailed analysis leads to the conclusion that the interfacial medium is made of a porous layer of refractory particles embedded in a liquid phase. The liquid density difference, between the porous medium and chimneys, results in recirculation of the liquid in the porous layer. This recirculation is responsible for a convective contribution to heat transfer through the porous layer. The convective heat flux is partly linked to cooling of the recirculating liquid, but also to its partial solidification. The solidification results in gradual plugging and enrichment of the porous layer in refractory species and in the increase of the resistance to heat transfer. The phenomena have been modelled and ARTEMIS tests 3 and 4 are well reproduced. The complete plugging of the porous medium, associated with thermodynamic equilibrium at the interface between the solid medium and the pool leads naturally to the solid crust model implemented in TOLBIAC-ICB. The latter model appears, thus, as a simplification of the porous medium approach described here.Thick interfacial layers, which have composition between refractory and corium mixture, have been observed in ACE and MACE tests with LCS (Limestone-Common Sand) or Limestone concrete and can be explained with the proposed model approach. For siliceous concrete, convection within a porous medium is not possible due to the large viscosity.     

Preparation, electrical conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility of (Ba1 − x Bi x )(Mn0.5 + x/2Nb0.5 − x/2)O3

(Ba_{1 ? x} Bi _x )(Mn_{0.5 + x/2}Nb_{0.5 ? x/2})O₃ perovskite solid solutions have been prepared by solid-state reactions and their physicochemical properties have been investigated. We have studied the influence of bismuth substitution for barium cations on the phase composition of the samples. Their magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity have been measured as functions of temperature. The composition dependence of the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature is presented.     

Assigning multiple activities to work shifts

In some companies such as large retail stores, the employees perform different activities (e.g., cashier or clerk in a specific department) to respond to a customer demand for each activity that varies over the planning horizon and must be fulfilled as soon as possible. For a given time period, this demand translates into an ideal number of employees required for the corresponding activity. During a work shift, an employee can be assigned to several activities that are interruptible at any time and subject to operational constraints (required skills, minimum and maximum assignment durations). Given work shifts already assigned to the employees, the multi-activity assignment problem (MAAP) consists of assigning activities to the shifts such that the activity demands are satisfied as best as possible over the planning horizon. In this paper, we propose three integer programming models for the MAAP and develop various heuristics based on mathematical programming techniques. Computational results obtained on randomly generated MAAP instances show that a heuristic column generation method embedded into a rolling horizon procedure provides the best results in general.     

The GHG balance of biofuels taking into account land use change

The contribution of biofuels to the saving of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has recently been questioned because of emissions resulting from land use change (LUC) for bioenergy feedstock production. We investigate how the inclusion of the carbon effect of LUC into the carbon accounting framework, as scheduled by the European Commission, impacts on land use choices for an expanding biofuel feedstock production. We first illustrate the change in the carbon balances of various biofuels, using methodology and data from the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. It becomes apparent that the conversion of natural land, apart from grassy savannahs, impedes meeting the EU's 35% minimum emissions reduction target for biofuels. We show that the current accounting method mainly promotes biofuel feedstock production on former cropland, thus increasing the competition between food and fuel production on the currently available cropland area. We further discuss whether it is profitable to use degraded land for commercial bioenergy production as requested by the European Commission to avoid undesirable LUC and conclude that the current regulation provides little incentive to use such land. The exclusive consideration of LUC for bioenergy production minimizes direct LUC at the expense of increasing indirect LUC.