Evaluating the 1931 CIE color‐matching functions

The use of colorimetry within industry has grown extensively in the last few decades. Central to many of today's instruments is the CIE system, established in 1931. Many have questioned the validity of the assumptions made by Wright¹ and Guild,² some suggesting that the 1931 color‐matching functions are not the best representation of the human visual system's cone responses. A computational analysis was performed using metameric data to evaluate the CIE 1931 color‐matching functions as compared to with other responsivity functions. The underlying assumption was that an optimal set of responsivity functions would yield minimal color‐difference error between pairs of visually matched metamers. The difference of average color differences found in the six chosen sets of responsivity functions was small. The CIE 1931 2° color‐matching functions on average yielded the largest color difference, 4.56 ΔE. The best performance came from the CIE 1964 10° color‐matching functions, which yielded an average color difference of 4.02 ΔE. An optimization was then performed to derive a new set of color‐matching functions that were visually matched using metameric pairs of spectral data. If all pairs were to be optimized to globally minimize the average color difference, it is expected that this would produce an optimal set of responsivity functions. The optimum solution was to use a weighted combination of each set of responsivity functions. The optimized set, called the Shaw and Fairchild responsivity functions, was able to reduce the average color difference to 3.92 ΔE. In the final part of this study a computer‐based simulation of the color differences between the sets of responsivity functions was built. This simulation allowed a user to load a spectral radiance or a spectral reflectance data file and display the tristimulus match predicted by each of the seven sets of responsivity functions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 316–329, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10077     

Embodied Robot versus Virtual Agent: Involvement of Preschool Children in Motor Task Performance

Embodied robots are known to be preferable in most cases to their virtual agents for interaction with and performance by human subjects. This study compared the efficacy of an embodied robot-coacher and its virtual agent in involving preschool children in the performance of playlike motor tasks. The robot or its virtual agent demonstrated movements, asked the children to repeat them, and provided positive feedback on their performance. The difficulty of the motor tasks was increased over the course of the session. Two groups of children were studied, one of them with and the other without previous experience of interaction with the embodied robot. In the experienced group, involvement in motor tasks was successfully induced by both the embodied robot and its virtual agent, but the children interacted less well with the virtual agent than with the embodied robot. Children in the inexperienced group did not interact at all during the experiment with the virtual agent. Because participants in the experiment were preschool children in their natural environment, this study proposes the combined use of an embodied robot and its virtual agent for motor involvement.     

A high-temperature oxidation-resistant Fe-Mn-Al-Si alloy

To develop satisfactory alloys without Cr or Ni for high-temperature application up to 1100C, three alloys based on Fe-10%Al-Si with differing fourth (or fifth) element additions were oxidized in air at 1100°Cfor 24 hr. A low carbon, Fe-30Mn-10Al-Si alloy exhibited excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance. The total weight gain for 24 hr oxidation in air at 1100°C was only 1.03 mg/cm ². After air oxidation for 6 days at 1100°C, no nodule formation or breakthrough oxidation occurred. Post-oxidation SEM and EDAX examination showed that a thin, compact, protective alumina scale formed on the alloy.Visiting Scientist (People's Republic of China).     

Distribution, relative abundance, and prey demand by double-crested cormorants on Manitoulin Island lakes vs. Lake Huron Coast

An aerial distance sampling survey of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) was conducted in the northern region of Lake Huron (North Channel; four largest lakes of Manitoulin Island; South Shore of Manitoulin Is. facing the main body of the lake) to assess the relative distribution, abundance and prey demand by cormorants on inland lake vs. coastal habitat. On a per area basis, the density (approx. 1-2 cormorants ? km^− 2) and prey demand (approx. 1.2 kg ha^− 1) of cormorants in the four inland lakes matched that of the North Channel. The South Shore had approximately half the density and prey demand as the other two areas. Cormorants on the inland lakes of Manitoulin Island represented 13% early in the season and a high of 33% of the total population for this region of Lake Huron later in the summer. Estimating regional distributions of cormorants within the Great Lakes basin is important because mapped nest colonies and nest counts are not representative of the actual distribution of foraging cormorants during and after the nesting season. There are two general conclusions to emerge from this survey. First, aquatic productivity from both Great Lakes coast and inland lakes contributes to trends in population and distribution of cormorants in the northern region of Lake Huron and perhaps elsewhere. Second, inland aquatic ecosystems are important throughout a season for foraging cormorants from the Great Lakes and may become more important as Great Lake productivity trends downward.     

无线标准

ISA100自动化用无线系统旨在统一工业无线技术。以下叙述了来自200多家公司的600名成员是如何合作实现这一目标的。     

达到标准,收益很容易吗?

我非常钟爱办公用品商店的商业模式,就如同按下按钮那般简单。如果收益同按按钮一样简单,你能想象将会发生什么吗?现在就有这样一个例子:我们写(按钮),您接受(动),每个人都获取收益(这很简单)。标准其实就处于可盈利的按钮之间。我坚信ISA88第5部分标准的价值,如果可以得到广泛的应用,将意味着许多设施的盈     

Photophysical models of aromatic polyesters: excited state interactions in bis(phenalkyl)terephthalate

Summary The nature of the excited state interactions in poly(ethylene terephthalate) is still subject to debate. We study a new series of model compounds composed of a central terephthaloyl group condensed with -hydroxy--phenyl-n-alkanes. Although the molecular architecture prevents these molecules from achieving symmetric ring-ring overlap, the steady-state fluorescence spectra are remarkably similar to those of other models studied earlier, where such overlap was expected. The solvent polarity dependence suggests that the excited state complex is an exciplex and not an excimer.     

An integrated behavioral medicine approach to improving care of patients with diabetes mellitus

A detailed approach to integrating behavioral techniques into patient education, case management, and treatment evaluation of persons with diabetes mellitus is offered. The author asks a series of "what if" questions to stimulate new thinking about ways to improve patient-physician relations in overcoming problems in managing the condition, citing recent research findings in the field. Adherence to regimens, self-management, goals of an integrated diabetes program and steps along the way to achieving it, psychophysiologic mechanisms in glucose metabolism, and the function of social support are among the topics covered.