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41.
The effects of the onset of lasing on the I-V characteristics, the impedance characteristics and the light modulation characteristics of laser diodes have been discussed by introducing the rate equations which involve carrier diffusion process in the active layer interacting with the radiation field intensity. The static I-V characteristics exhibit a kink at lasing threshold current, reflecting the decrease of effective lifetime of carriers. Effective carrier lifetimes decrease with increasing light intensity, which results in a steep attenuation of injected carrier density in the active region. The impedance and light modulation characteristics are obtained in the small signal approximation. The small signal light modulation characteristics depend strongly on whether the laser diode is excited by the constant current modulation or the constant voltage modulation. The impedance is changed drastically by the onset of lasing and exhibits a resonance which coincides exactly with the optical modulation resonance frequency. 相似文献
42.
The effect of minority carrier lifetime on the impedance of the laser within a diffusion or a drift length from the junction is analyzed. Lifetime shorting due to stimulated recombination (which is a function of the injection current) is considered and the effect of cavity size on the ability to modulate the laser at high frequencies is pointed out. 相似文献
43.
Numerical analysis has been performed on the effect of the carrier dispersion caused by avalanching on the small signal admittance and the transient step response in the avalanche region of an idealized IMPATT diode having a uniform electric field profile. The degree of dispersion, referred to hereafter as Avalanche Induced Dispersion (AID), depends on the relative magnitudes of ionization rates of the two carriers. AID becomes largest when the two ionization rates are equal and decreases with increasing discrepancy between them.It is found that the build-up of an avalanche can be faster if either electrons or holes are strongly ionizing than when both of them ionize equally. Also, the small signal negative conductance is minimum when the dispersion is most pronounced. Since the time delay in the avalanche build-up depends strongly on AID, the upper limit of the high-frequency performance of IMPATT diodes can be estimated from the theoretical value of AID. 相似文献
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46.
Nobuyoshi Nishizawa Junichi Nishimura Hiroshi Saitoh Kazuhiro Fujiki Norio Tsubokawa 《Progress in Organic Coatings》2005,53(4):306-311
To control the surface wettability of nano-sized silica surface, the postgrafting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers to grafted polymer chains on the surface was investigated. Polymers having blocked isocyanate groups were successfully grafted onto nano-sized silica surface by the graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with 2-(O-[1′-methylpropylideneamino]caboxyamino)ethyl methacrylate (MOIB) initiated by azo groups previously introduced onto the surface. The blocked isocyanate groups of poly(MMA-co-MOIB)-grafted silica were stable in a desiccator, but isocyanate groups were readily regenerated by heating at 150 °C. The hydrophilic polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), were postgrafted onto the poly(MMA-co-MOIB)-grafted silica by the reaction of functional groups of PEG and PEI with pendant isocyanate groups of poly(MMA-co-MOI)-grafted silica to give branched polymer-grafted silica. The percentage of grafting increased with increasing molecular weight of PEG, but the number of postgrafted chain decreased, because of steric hindrance. The hydrophobic polymers, such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) were also postgrafted onto poly(MMA-co-MOI)-grafted silica. It was found that the grafting of hydrophobic polymer and the postgrafting of hydrophilic polymer branches readily controls the wettability of silica surface to water. 相似文献
47.
The cytoplasmic domain of an envelope transmembrane glycoprotein (gp30) of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has two overlapping copies of the (YXXL)2 motif. The N-terminal motif has been implicated in in vitro signal transduction pathways from the external to the intracellular compartment and is also involved in infection and maintenance of high viral loads in sheep that have been experimentally infected with BLV. To determine the role of YXXL sequences in the replication of BLV in vitro, we changed the tyrosine or leucine residues of the N-terminal motif in an infectious molecular clone of BLV, pBLV-IF, to alanine to produce mutated proviruses designated Y487A, L490A, Y498A, L501A, and Y487/498A. Transient transfection of African green monkey kidney COS-1 cells with proviral DNAs that encoded wild-type and mutant sequences revealed that all of the mutated proviral DNAs synthesized mature envelope proteins and released virus particles into the growth medium. However, serial passages of fetal lamb kidney (FLK) cells, which are sensitive to infection with BLV, after transient transfection revealed that mutation of a second tyrosine residue in the N-terminal motif completely prevented the propagation of the virus. Similarly, Y498A and Y487/498A mutant BLV that was produced by the stably transfected COS-1 cells exhibited significantly reduced levels of cell-free virion-mediated transmission. Analysis of the protein compositions of mutant viruses demonstrated that lower levels of envelope protein were incorporated by two of the mutant virions than by wild-type and other mutant virions. Furthermore, a mutation of a second tyrosine residue decreased the specific binding of BLV particles to FLK cells and the capacity for viral penetration. Our data indicate that the YXXL sequences play critical roles in both viral entry and the incorporation of viral envelope protein into the virion during the life cycle of BLV. 相似文献
48.
C. R. Martin M. Nishizawa K. Jirage M. Kang S. B. Lee 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2001,13(18):1351-1362
We have developed a new class of synthetic membranes that consist of a porous polymeric support. This support contains an ensemble of gold nanotubules that span the complete thickness of the support membrane. The support is a commercially available microporous polycarbonate filter with cylindrical nanoscopic pores. The gold nanotubules are prepared via electroless deposition of Au onto the pore walls, and tubules that have inside diameters of molecular dimensions (<1 nm) can be prepared. Hence, these membranes are a new class of molecular sieves. We review in this paper the ion‐transport properties of these Au nanotubule membranes. We will show that these membranes can be cation‐permselective or anion‐permselective, and that the permselectivity can be reversibly switched between these two states. Ion permselectivity can be introduced by two different routes. The first entails chemisorption of an ionizable thiol, e.g., a carboxylated or ammonium‐containing thiol to the Au tubule walls. If the thiol contains both of these functionalities (e.g., the amino acid cysteine), the permselectivity can be reversibly switched by varying the pH of the contacting solution phase. Ion permselectivity can also be introduced by potentiostatically charging the membrane in an electrolyte solution. By applying excess negative charge, cation permselective membranes are obtained, and excess positive charge yields anion permselective membranes. In this case the permselectivity can be reversibly switched by changing the potential applied to the membrane. 相似文献
49.
An ideal static induction transistor (ISIT) structure was fabricated using molecular layer epitaxy (MLE). The doping method of MLE enabled us to achieve a sufficiently high level of doping for ISIT fabrication. In the fabrication process a low growth temperature was very important for the device structure, which requires very sharp dopant profiles. For the ISIT, two MLE processes, namely source–drain growth and gate regrowth, were required. The electrical characteristics of the source–drain were changed after heat treatment at a temperature higher than 480°C. The effect of the redistribution of dopants of the source–drain structure (n++–i–p++–i–n+) during gate regrowth was clearly shown by SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy) measurements for various temperatures of heat treatment. As a result the doped Se diffused from the n++ source region to the other layers and the doped Zn diffused from the p++ layer to the i-layers. The source was a heavily Se-doped layer at the doping level of (2–3)×1019 cm−3 containing a larger amount of interstitial Se atoms in the lattice. The redistribution of Se from the heavily doped region was detectable even after heat treatment at 480°C for 30 min. For the p++ layer the profile of the C-doped layer was stable even after heat treatment at 620°C for 30 min, but the profile of Zn changed markedly after heat treatment at 480°C for 30 min. In addition, the carbon-doped p++ layer acted as a gettering layer for diffused interstitial Se from the source region. The driving force of the redistribution of dopants results in the electric field in the device structures. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
50.
Kazuyuki Suzuki Kaori Nishizawa Takeshi Miki Kazumi Kato 《Integrated ferroelectrics》2013,141(1-5):155-162
Abstract Hexagonal YMnO3 thin films were prepared on Pt(111)/TiOx/SiO2/Si and Pt(111)/Al2O3(0001) substrates using alkoxy-derived precursor solutions. The films were prepared by spin coating the YMnO3 precursor solutions and then, the films were calcined and crystallized via rapid thermal annealing in oxygen or vacuum ambient. The annealing conditions and substrates were critical for crystallization of ferroelectric YMnO3 films. When annealed in vacuum, the films both on Pt(111)/TiOx/SiO2/Si and Pt(111)/Al2O3(0001) substrates crystallized to hexagonal YMnO3 and the orientation depended on the substrates. The film on Pt(111)/Al2O3(0001) had c-axis orientation and the film on Pt(111)/TiOx/SiO2/Si had no preferred orientation. In addition, it was found that crystallization behavior, orientation and morphology of YMnO3 films on Pt(111)/TiOx/SiO2/Si substrates depended on the annealing condition. The heat-treatment in vacuum at initial stage for crystallization affected the restraint of perovskite phase and formation of hexagonal phase. The following heat-treatment in oxygen promoted the c-axis orientation and grain growth. The optimum annealing procedure for crystallization of the c-axis oriented YMnO3 films on Pt(111)/TiOx/SiO2/Si was addressed. 相似文献