Genetic basis of neurological tumours

Neurological tumours are common neoplasms of both adults and children. Recent studies have begun to delineate the genetic abnormalities that underlie such tumours, and have implicated two classes of genes, oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Most investigations have focused on those astrocytomas that affect the cerebral hemispheres of adults, since these are the most common and malignant brain tumours. The high-grade astrocytomas that affect adults, such as glioblastoma multiforme, often have amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) oncogene and loss of a variety of chromosomal loci that probably harbour tumour suppressor genes. Of the various tumour suppressor gene loci, the p53 gene on chromosome 17p has been studied most closely and has been shown to be mutated in both low- and high-grade astrocytomas. These genetic alterations may provide a means for subdividing astrocytomas into diagnostic categories. For instance, p53 gene mutations occur more commonly in glioblastomas from young adults and women, while EGFR gene amplification is more common in glioblastomas from older adults and men. For the other primary CNS tumours, genetic studies remain in their infancy. The neurocutaneous syndromes, such as neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2, have provided unique insights into neurological oncogenesis. The NF1 gene on chromosomes 17q and its product, neurofibromin, may be important in the formation of neurofibrosarcomas, while the NF2 gene on chromosome 22q and its product, merlin, are probably involved in the formation of schwannomas and other nervous system tumours. The further characterization of these and other neurological tumour genes will undoubtedly illuminate many other areas in neurooncology.     

The psychocultural roots of genocide. Legitimacy and crisis in Rwanda

In April 1994, the small east African nation of Rwanda became the site of one of the most violent episodes of the 20th century. Over the course of just 100 days, an embattled authoritarian state organized the slaughter of at least 850,000 Rwandans. Briefly, worldwide attention was riveted. But clichés about "age-old tribal hatreds" soon dominated discussion, conveying the impression that this was simply the latest episode in an unending cycle of violence. The truth, however, is quite different. The April genocide was in many ways unique. It was neither tribal nor age-old, and it is hardly fated to recur. Indeed, the author's premise is that if this genocide is grasped in all its psychocultural novelty and complexity, a point of Archimedean leverage can be found for interventions to avert tragedies in the future.     

Treatment of acute bronchitis in adults without underlying lung disease

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether antibiotic and bronchodilator treatment of acute bronchitis in patients without lung disease is efficacious. DESIGN: A MEDLINE search of the literature from 1966 to 1995 was done, using "Bronchitis" as the key word. Papers addressing acute bronchitis in adults were used as well as several citations emphasizing pediatric infections. A manual search of papers addressing the microorganisms causing acute bronchitis was also done. Data were extracted manually from relevant publications. SETTING: All published reports were reviewed. Papers dealing with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were excluded in this review. RESULTS: Although acute bronchitis has multiple causes, the large majority of cases are of viral etiology. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis are the only bacteria identified as contributing to the cause of acute bronchitis in otherwise healthy adults. Nine double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were reviewed. Four studies showed no advantage for doxycycline and one study showed no advantage for erythromycin. One study using erythromycin and one study using trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole showed that these antibiotics were slightly better than placebo. Two other studies showed an impressive superiority for liquid or inhaled albuterol when compared with erythromycin. CONCLUSIONS: Most studies showed no significant difference between drug and placebo, and the two studies that did showed only small clinical differences. Albuterol had an impressive advantage over erythromycin. Antibiotics should not be used in the treatment of acute bronchitis in healthy persons unless convincing evidence of a bacterial infection is present.     

A note on formal learning theory

Previous investigations have challenged the generality of the claim that perceived motion in an effective stimulus for smooth pursuit eye movements. The experiments extend the scope of these investigations. Three experiments test the hypothesis that perceived motion can serve as the stimulus for pursuit when the eye movement does not generate constraining retinal error information. Observers viewed retinally stabilized displays that elicited the perception that a stationary target was moving or that a moving target was moving faster than it was actually moving. The results failed to confirm the hypothesis. Relevant literature is reviewed. We conclude that perceived movement can act as a stimulus for pursuit only when the "perceptual target" has no retinal counterpart.     

Analyzing and automatically labelling the types of user issues that are raised in mobile app reviews

Mobile app reviews by users contain a wealth of information on the issues that users are experiencing. For example, a review might contain a feature request, a bug report, and/or a privacy complaint. Developers, users and app store owners (e.g. Apple, Blackberry, Google, Microsoft) can benefit from a better understanding of these issues – developers can better understand users’ concerns, app store owners can spot anomalous apps, and users can compare similar apps to decide which ones to download or purchase. However, user reviews are not labelled, e.g. we do not know which types of issues are raised in a review. Hence, one must sift through potentially thousands of reviews with slang and abbreviations to understand the various types of issues. Moreover, the unstructured and informal nature of reviews complicates the automated labelling of such reviews. In this paper, we study the multi-labelled nature of reviews from 20 mobile apps in the Google Play Store and Apple App Store. We find that up to 30 % of the reviews raise various types of issues in a single review (e.g. a review might contain a feature request and a bug report). We then propose an approach that can automatically assign multiple labels to reviews based on the raised issues with a precision of 66 % and recall of 65 %. Finally, we apply our approach to address three proof-of-concept analytics use case scenarios: (i) we compare competing apps to assist developers and users, (ii) we provide an overview of 601,221 reviews from 12,000 apps in the Google Play Store to assist app store owners and developers and (iii) we detect anomalous apps in the Google Play Store to assist app store owners and users.     

Sympathetic response to stimulation of the pontine A5 region in conscious rabbits

OBJECT: This study is a retrospective analysis of clinical data obtained in 28 patients affected by obstructive hydrocephalus who presented with signs of midbrain dysfunction during episodes of shunt malfunction. METHODS: All patients presented with an upward gaze palsy, sometimes associated with other signs of oculomotor dysfunction. In seven cases the ocular signs remained isolated and resolved rapidly after shunt revision. In 21 cases the ocular signs were variably associated with other clinical manifestations such as pyramidal and extrapyramidal deficits, memory disturbances, mutism, or alterations in consciousness. Resolution of these symptoms after shunt revision was usually slow. In four cases a transient paradoxical aggravation was observed at the time of shunt revision. In 11 cases ventriculocistemostomy allowed resolution of the symptoms and withdrawal of the shunt. Simultaneous supratentorial and infratentorial intracranial pressure recordings performed in seven of the patients showed a pressure gradient between the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments, with a higher supratentorial pressure before shunt revision. Inversion of this pressure gradient was observed after shunt revision and resolution of the gradient was observed in one case after third ventriculostomy. In six recent cases, a focal midbrain hyperintensity was evidenced on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences at the time of shunt malfunction. This rapidly resolved after the patient underwent third ventriculostomy. CONCLUSIONS: It is probable that in obstructive hydrocephalus, at the time of shunt malfunction, the development of a transtentorial pressure gradient could initially induce a functional impairment of the upper midbrain, inducing upward gaze palsy. The persistence of the gradient could lead to a global dysfunction of the upper midbrain. Third ventriculostomy contributes to equalization of cerebrospinal fluid pressure across the tentorium by restoring free communication between the infratentorial and supratentorial compartments, resulting in resolution of the patient's clinical symptoms.     

Pseudomutagenesis. The persistent increase in the level of cellular variability induced by radiation and some other agents

Electron microscopic investigation of capillary endothelium cells in myocardium of irradiated rats revealed an unusual effect of persistent increase of probability of cell damage, similar in many relations to that described earlier for various unicellular species. New effect, unlike those traditionally studied, is characterised by non-stochastic nature, large number of the involved cells, reveals itself even after faint influences, and can be induced as well by agents other than radiation. The question is put on the probable commonness between these changes and the pseudomutagenesis which has the similar phenomenology.     

Growth hormone treatment in pediatric burns: a safe therapeutic approach

In the recovery period after strenuous exercise, there is increased O2 uptake, termed the excess postexercise O2 consumption (EPOC). One of the mechanisms suggested to explain EPOC is activation of the triglyceride/fatty acid (TG/FA) cycle by catecholamines. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of selective beta1- and nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blockade on EPOC and the TG/FA cycle. Seven healthy young men each participated in three control and three exercise experiments in a randomized and balanced sequence. In the exercise experiments, subjects exercised for 90 minutes at 58% +/- 2% (mean +/- SD) of maximal O2 uptake on a cycle ergometer, followed by a 4.5-hour bedrest. The control experiments followed the same protocol, but without exercise. In one control and one exercise experiment, the selective beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol (0.062 mg.kg(-1) body weight) was administered intravenously immediately after the exercise (EXAT) and at the corresponding time in the rest-control experiment (REAT). In a second set of control and exercise experiments, the nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (0.15 mg.kg(-1) body weight) was administered (REPRO and EXPRO). In a third set of rest and exercise experiments, an injection of saline was given instead of beta-antagonist (RE and EX). TG/FA cycling was calculated by combining results obtained with a two-stage glycerol infusion and indirect calorimetry. O2 uptake was significantly increased above control levels throughout the recovery period after exercise with the nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist, and saline. However, there was no difference between the time course or magnitude of EPOC in the three situations. After 4.5 hours of bedrest, the mean increase in O2 uptake was 8% to 9% in all three conditions. TG/FA cycling was increased after exercise, but no effects of beta-antagonists were observed. We conclude that EPOC and the rate of TG/FA cycling are not attenuated by selective beta1- or nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blockade after an acute prolonged exercise protocol.