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991.
Michael?W.?PlesniakEmail author Paul?E.?Sojka Anshul?K.?Singh 《Journal of Coatings Technology and Research》2004,1(2):137-145
Spray transfer efficiency (TE) is defined as the mass fraction of sprayed paint which is deposited on the intended target,
the remainder of the sprayed paint becomes undesirable overspray. The relationship between TE and gun supply pressure (or
paint mass flow rate), gun-to-target distance, gun traverse speed, the angle of the spray gun relative to the target (gun-to-target
angle), plus spray cone angle is reported herein for a typical fan spray system. Experimental results indicate that spray
momentum rate (SMR) and droplet size dictate the TE for the various combinations of parameters considered here. The key finding
is that TE correlates with SMR and spray mean drop size (Sauter mean diameter, or D32) via an expression of the form TE=a+b SMR − c (SMR)2+d D32, where a, b, c, and d are coefficients, determined by fitting the experimental data, and SMR is estimated via SMR=m2/ρA, where the paint mass flow rate m, the paint density is ρ, and the gun exit orifice effective tip cross sectional area
is A. This expression accounts for physical phenomena that govern sprayed droplet deposition characteristics, such as entrainment,
bounce-back, and drop size.
Experimental results also show that, for the range of parameters studied, gun traverse speed has no effect on TE, but increasing
the angle of the spray gun relative to the target (gun-to-target angle), increasing the spray cone angle, or increasing the
gun-to-target distance will decrease TE. 相似文献
992.
Dehydroaromatization of methane to benzene occurs over a 2 wt% Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst at 700C under non-oxidizing conditions. Following an initial induction period, during which CH4 reactant reduces the original Mo6+ ions in the zeolite to Mo2C and deposition of coke occurs, a benzene selectivity of 70% at a CH4 conversion of 8–10% could be sustained for more than 16 h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction measurements indicate that the reduced Mo is highly dispersed in the channels of the zeolite. Initial activation of CH4 reactant occurs on Mo2C sites, leading to the formation of C2H4 as the primary product. The latter then undergoes subsequent oligomerization reactions on acidic sites of the zeolite to form aromatic products. 相似文献
993.
Electrochemical cell current requirements for toxic organic waste destruction in Ce(IV)-mediated electrochemical oxidation process 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vasily V. Kokovkin Sang Joon Chung Subramanian Balaji Manickam Matheswaran Il-Shik Moon 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2007,24(5):749-756
The electrochemical cell for cerium oxidation and reactor for organic destruction are the most important operation units for
the successful working mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process. In this study, electrochemical cells with DSA electrodes
of two types, single stack and double stack connected in series, were used. The performances towards the electrochemical generation
of Ce(IV) in nitric acid media at 80 °C were studied. The current-voltage curves and cerium electrolysis kinetics showed the
dependence on number of cell stacks needed to be connected in series for the destruction of a given quantity of organic pollutant.
The presence of an optimum region for Ce(III) oxidation with a contribution of oxygen evolution, especially at low Ce(III)
concentration (high conversion ratios), was found. The cells were applied for the Ce(IV) regeneration during the organic destruction.
The cell and reactor processes were fitted in a simple model proposed and used to calculate the current needed in terms of
Ce(III) oxidation rate and the number of cell stacks required for maintaining Ce(IV)/Ce(III) ratio at the same level during
the organic destruction. This consideration was based on the kinetic model previously developed by us for the organic destruction
in the MEO process. 相似文献
994.
Edward Kostansek 《Journal of Coatings Technology and Research》2004,1(1):41-44
Coagulation of latex particles is most often carried out in the diffusion limited aggregation (DLA) regime where the time
for coagulation to take place is on the millisecond timescale. This process produces aggregates of low density, irregular
shape, and a broad particle size distributions. When the coagulation is carried out in the reaction limited aggregation (RLA)
regime, a coagulation time of about 1–120 sec, the system can be controlled by mixing to yield dense, spheroidal aggregates
with a very narrow particle size distribution. The important variables in the RLA process for butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate
(BA/MMA) latexes were found to be mixing intensity, latex copolymer composition, and coagulation temperature. Dried aggregates
formed in the RLA process were found to have excellent powder flow properties and low dustiness. 相似文献
995.
Michael J. Banach Stephen J. Clarson Gregory Beaucage Jason Benkoski Tom Mates Edward J. Kramer Richard A. Vaia 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2002,86(8):2021-2024
For many microelectronic and optoelectronic applications, polymer thin films require the addition of small molecules. However, the thin‐film geometry and associated processing techniques will influence the final morphology and compositional distribution of the constituents. It is therefore important that these be examined directly rather than inferred from bulk measurements. As an example system, the concentration and distribution of Disperse Red 1 (DR1) molecules in poly(methyl methacrylate) thin films were examined. Ultraviolet visibility spectroscopy and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry indicate that the composition of the molecules decreased dramatically with thermal treatment of the film. The sublimation of the chromophore was observed to occur at temperatures well below the melting point of the small molecule and the glass transition of the pure polymer; this solute loss manifested itself in changes in the glass transition temperature of the film. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2021–2024, 2002 相似文献
996.
The coupled effects of particle size and 1 wt% NaCl additions on the sequence of melting reactions in a multicomponent system (sand–soda ash–calcite–dolomite–feldspar) were studied using data from DTA, DTGA, and XRD interactively. Glass batches varied in average particle size from 250 μm to finer than 45 μm. Milestone events in the fusion process of the coarse particle base glass were elucidated. The termination temperature of the last significant reaction associated with CO2 release was 35°C lower in the fine particle size batch than with the coarsest batch. Liquid-phase formation at ∼523°C in the batch with 1 wt% NaCl occurred to an increasingly sizable extent with decreasing particle size. This contrasts with a similar effect at ∼630°C for a comparable batch without NaCl via eutectic melting between soda ash and dolomite. Sodium chloride additions significantly enhanced dissolution of CaO relic. 相似文献
997.
A computer model that treats ceramic-powder matrix–ceramic whisker composites as a percolative network of whiskers has been developed. The model calculates the critical fraction of whiskers at the percolation threshold for a two-dimensional random network of whiskers. The computed critical fraction was found to display an inverse dependence on whisker aspect ratio. In addition, the computed critical fraction (27 vol% for a whisker aspect ratio of 7) agreed well with the zero-shrinkage whisker fraction of 30 vol% in the densification of a colloid-pressed alumina–silicon carbide composite that exhibited a two-dimensional orientation of such whiskers. 相似文献
998.
Do-Kyun Kwon Michael T. Lanagan Thomas R. Shrout 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2005,88(12):3419-3422
Polycrystalline BaTe4 O9 ceramic compound was investigated as a promising microwave dielectric compound for low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) applications. The binary phase BaTe4 O9 was synthesized and subsequently densified over the temperature range of only 500°–550°C, which allows for low-temperature cofiring with aluminum metal. The dielectric properties of BaTe4 O9 ceramics sintered at 550°C for 2 h were determined in the microwave region of 12–14 GHz. The dielectric constant and Q × f product obtained were 17.5 and 54 700 GHz at 12 GHz, respectively. The temperature coefficient of resonance frequency showed a negative value of −90 ppm/°C. In terms of its evaluation for LTCC, the BaTe4 O9 composition was found to be chemically compatible and successfully cofired with highly conductive aluminum electrode, while maintaining good electrical performance. 相似文献
999.
Anders Riisager K. Michael Eriksen Peter Wasserscheid Rasmus Fehrmann 《Catalysis Letters》2003,90(3-4):149-153
Supported ionic liquid-phase (SILP) catalysts were made by immobilizing Rh-monophosphine complexes of bis(m-phenylguanidinium)phenylphosphine 1 and NORBOS 2 ligands in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [BMIM][PF6], on a silica support. The catalysts were active in continuous gas- and liquid-phase hydroformylation of propene and 1-octene, exhibiting TOFs up to 88 h-1 for SILP Rh-2 catalysts, while only low selectivities up to 74% n-aldehyde (n/iso ratio of 2.8) were obtained. This is the first example of continuous fixed-bed liquid-phase hydroformylation using SILP catalysts. 相似文献
1000.
Keigo Hirakata Wendell E. Rhine Michael J. Cima 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1996,79(4):1002-1008
Carbon residue after binder burnout was characterized for several nonstoichiometric lead titanate powders. Thermal decomposition of the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) binder was performed in nitrogen at 600°C. A drastic decrease in carbon retention was obtained in the case of the titanium-rich samples. The amount of carbon retention varies from 0.2 mg/m2 to 1.2 mg/m2 by changing the Pb/Ti molar ratio from 0.92 to 1.08. The surface reaction between PMMA and lead titanate particles was studied by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Surface hydroxyls reacted with ester groups in the PMMA or the methylmethacrylate monomer produced upon pyrolysis. The DRIFTS results showed that titaniumrich samples are less reactive and produce less surfacebound organic groups. Interestingly, titanium-rich samples contained more surface hydroxyls. Isoelectric point measurements, however, show that titanium-rich samples are more acidic. Thus, the reactivity of the surface hydroxyls is determined primarily by their acid-base characteristics rather than their concentration. Lead titanate powder was exposed to MMA vapor in a tube furnace at the indicated temperatures using nitrogen carrier gas as a model experiment. DRIFTS difference spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were performed on these samples after the exposure. MMA reacts with lead titanate powder in manner similar to PMMA. Analysis for sp 2 and sp 3 absorbance of Raman spectra of these exposed powders at 400°–600°C showed pyrolysis behavior of surface-reacted species. The relative amount of sp 2 bonded carbon decreases with increasing exposure temperature. 相似文献