Towards the performance evaluation of 4th generation wireless communication standards: LTE versus Mobile WiMAX

Advances in wireless communication protocols and networking toward support of the next generation of mobile and radio broadband technologies have contributed to a strong competition among various telecommunication standards in particular Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). In this paper, we provide an in‐depth comparison analysis of LTE and Mobile WiMAX at the physical (PHY) layer by studying the most similar PHY configuration scenarios for these two technologies. Our study includes a throughput analysis of downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) transmissions in time division duplex with the least overhead possible and different antenna schemes as well as modulation and code rates. This study also performs an overhead analysis in both protocols to provide a more in‐depth understanding of the PHY layer capacity in various PHY layer configurations. Our simulation results generally show higher performance for LTE in both DL and UL transmission with 7 Mbps in DL and 5 Mbps in UL, when using one antenna port. However, by increasing the number of antennas for multiple‐input/multiple‐output configurations, the results illustrate a reduction in the performance of LTE compared to Mobile WiMAX. This arises from the increase in reference signal overhead in LTE from 4.7% in single‐input/single‐output (SISO) to 14.28% in 4 × 4 multiple‐input/multiple‐output (MIMO). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The significance of the sword

Human aggression affects and is affected by the environment. The study of militaria can illuminate questions of social change and choice. Knowledge of history should modify behaviour.     

Technopathogenology: technology and non-evident risks – a contribution to prevention

The concentration of lead in the scalp hair of 257 school children within the age range of 6–12, living in the Manzini region in Swaziland, was measured using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. Mean lead concentration ranged between 7.75–9.19 μ.g/g, and 4.95–5.95 μg/g for the urban and rural schools, respectively. The mean lead concentrations in the hair for urban school children were significantly higher than those of the rural school children. The rapid industrialization within the city centre with increasing number of vehicles using leaded petrol may be a contributing factor to the observed levels. Although the mean lead concentration was higher in girls (7.59 μg/g) than in boys (6.62 μg/g), this difference was not statistically significant.     

Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species are Being Rescued from the Wild

The presence of heavy metals in mine tailings poses potential threats to environment and human health. The paper reports an investigation of the effects of initial pH on bioleaching of heavy metals (Cu, Zn and Pb) from mine tailings by indigenous sulphur-oxidising bacteria.     

The propensity for employee participation by electrical and mechanical trades in the construction industry

Using the four input-output tables compiled in Turkey to date, the aim of this paper is to examine the construction sector's role in the Turkish economy and analyse its relationships with the other sectors of the national economy. Analysis results show that the share of construction in Gross National Product (GNP) and National Income (NI) tend to increase whereas the GNP share of manufacturing is relatively stable and that of services tend to increase after an abrupt decrease in 1985; backward linkage indicators and output multipliers, as well as forward linkage indicators and input multipliers of construction industry are stable; and finally, direct and total construction inputs from manufacturing show relative stability and those from services tend to increase in recent years. These findings point out the similarities between the Turkish construction industry and some advanced industrial countries (AICs) like Japan and Italy showing signs of growing ‘maturity’ of the Turkish economy.