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991.
Martin Ebner Michael Kickmeier-Rust Andreas Holzinger 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2008,7(4):199-207
Wikis are a website technology for mass collaborative authoring. Today, wikis are increasingly used for educational purposes.
Basically, the most important asset of wikis is free and easy access for end users: everybody can contribute, comment and
edit—following the principles of Universal access. Consequently, wikis are ideally suited for collaborative learning and a
number of studies reported a great success of wikis in terms of active participation, collaboration, and a rapidly growing
content. However, the wikis success in education was often linked either to direct incentives or even pressure. This paper
strongly argues that this contradicts the original intentions of wikis and, furthermore, weakens the psycho-pedagogical impact.
A study is presented which focuses on investigating the success of wikis in higher education, when students are neither enforced to contribute nor directly rewarded similar to the principles of Wikipedia. Amazingly, the results show that, in total, none of the N = 287 students created new articles or edited existing ones during a whole semester. It is concluded that the use of Wiki-Systems
in educational settings is much more complicated, and it needs more time to develop a kind of “give-and-take” generation. 相似文献
992.
Optimization of anisotropic composite panels with T-shaped stiffeners including transverse shear effects and out-of-plane loading 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
J. Enrique Herencia Paul M. Weaver Michael I. Friswell 《Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization》2008,37(2):165-184
A two-step method to optimize anisotropic composite panels with T-shaped stiffeners, including a new formulation of the transverse
shear properties and an approximation of the ply contiguity (blocking) constraints as functions of the lamination parameters
is provided. At the first step, a representative element of the stiffened panel (superstiffener) is optimized using mathematical
programming and lamination parameters subjected to combined loading (in-plane and out-of-plane) under strength (laminate or
ply failure), buckling and practical design constraints. Ply blocking constraints are imposed at this step to improve convergence
towards practical laminates. At the second step, the actual superstiffener’s laminates are obtained by using a genetic algorithm.
Results, for the case considered, show that the inclusion of transverse shear effects has an associated 2.5% mass penalty
and that neglecting its effects might invoke earlier buckling failure. In addition, the influence of designing for failure
strength at laminate or ply level is assessed. 相似文献
993.
Shih Hao Huang Hwa Seng Khoo Shang Yu ChangChien Fan Gang Tseng 《Microfluidics and nanofluidics》2008,5(4):459-468
Monodisperse copolymer particles carrying surface carboxyl groups in the range of 50–200 μm were prepared by in situ UV polymerization
of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) with acrylic acid (AA) via a microfluidic flow-focusing device (MFFD). The design
of the coaxial orifices in the MFFD enables the confinement of the comonomer liquid thread to the central axis of the microchannel,
which can avoid the wetting problem of comonomer liquid with the microchannel and can successfully produce monodisperse copolymer
microspheres with coefficient of variance below 5%. The effects of concentration of EGDMA and AA on droplet diameters and
the distribution of carboxyl group on particle surfaces were examined. It has been found that, increasing the concentration
of AA would decrease particle sizes, but increase the distribution of carboxyl group on particle surfaces. Bioconjugation
of the carboxylated copolymer particles with the anti-rabbit IgG–Cy3 conjugates was successfully demonstrated. By increasing
the concentration of AA accompanied with decreasing the particle sizes, high efficiency of bioconjugation on carboxylated
copolymer particles was achieved. The rapid continuous synthesis of carboxylated copolymer particles via a microfluidic device
provides a reliable control of particle sizes and composition for massive production in biotechnological applications. 相似文献
994.
Design of distributed compliant micromechanisms with an implicit free boundary representation 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Zhen Luo Liyong Tong Michael Yu Wang 《Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization》2008,36(6):607-621
In this paper, a parameterization approach is presented for structural shape and topology optimization of compliant mechanisms
using a moving boundary representation. A level set model is developed to implicitly describe the structural boundary by embedding
into a scalar function of higher dimension as zero level set. The compactly supported radial basis function of favorable smoothness
and accuracy is used to interpolate the level set function. Thus, the temporal and spatial initial value problem is now converted
into a time-separable parameterization problem. Accordingly, the more difficult shape and topology optimization of the Hamilton–Jacobi
equation is then transferred into a relatively easy size optimization with the expansion coefficients as design variables.
The design boundary is therefore advanced by applying the optimality criteria method to iteratively evaluate the size optimization
so as to update the level set function in accordance with expansion coefficients of the interpolation. The optimization problem
of the compliant mechanism is established by including both the mechanical efficiency as the objective function and the prescribed
material usage as the constraint. The design sensitivity analysis is performed by utilizing the shape derivative. It is noted
that the present method is not only capable of simultaneously addressing shape fidelity and topology changes with a smooth
structural boundary but also able to avoid some of the unfavorable numerical issues such as the Courant–Friedrich–Levy condition,
the velocity extension algorithm, and the reinitialization procedure in the conventional level set method. In particular,
the present method can generate new holes inside the material domain, which makes the final design less insensitive to the
initial guess. The compliant inverter is applied to demonstrate the availability of the present method in the framework of
the implicit free boundary representation. 相似文献
995.
Doron Drusinsky James Bret Michael Man-Tak Shing 《Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering》2008,4(2):161-168
This paper presents a framework for augmenting independent validation and verification (IV&V) of software systems with computer-based
IV&V techniques. The framework allows an IV&V team to capture its own understanding of the application as well as the expected
behavior of any proposed system for solving the underlying problem by using an executable system reference model, which uses formal assertions to specify mission- and safety-critical behaviors. The framework uses execution-based model
checking to validate the correctness of the assertions and to verify the correctness and adequacy of the system under test. 相似文献
996.
O'Riordan E Orlova TN Mendelev N Patschan D Kemp R Chander PN Hu R Hao G Gross SS Iozzo RV Delaney V Goligorsky MS 《Proteomics. Clinical applications》2008,2(7-8):1025-1035
The pathogenesis of progressive renal allograft injury, which is termed chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN), remains obscure and is currently defined by histology. Prospective protocol-biopsy trials have demonstrated that clinical and standard laboratory tests are insufficiently sensitive indicators of the development and progression of CAN. The study aim was to determine if CAN could be characterized by urinary proteomic data and identify the proteins associated with disease. The urinary proteome of 75 renal transplant recipients and 20 healthy volunteers was analyzed using surface enhanced laser desorption and ionization MS. Patients could be classified into subgroups with normal histology and Banff CAN grades 2-3 with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 92% by applying the classification algorithm Adaboost to urinary proteomic data. Several urinary proteins associated with advanced CAN were identified including α1-microglobulin, β2-microglobulin, prealbumin, and endorepellin, the antiangiogenic C-terminal fragment of perlecan. Increased urinary endorepellin was confirmed by ELISA and increased tissue expression of the endorepellin/perlecan ratio by immunofluoresence analysis of renal biopsies. In conclusion, analysis of urinary proteomic data has further characterized the more severe CAN grades and identified urinary endorepellin, as a potential biomarker of advanced CAN. 相似文献
997.
Gene expression changes in a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human wildtype and mutant torsinA
Grundmann K Hübener J Häbig K Reischmann B Poths S Hauser TK Magg J Riess O Bonin M Nguyen HP 《Proteomics. Clinical applications》2008,2(5):720-736
Primary torsion dystonia is an autosomal-dominantly inherited, neurodevelopmental movement disorder caused by a GAG deletion (ΔGAG) in the DYT1 gene, encoding torsinA. This mutation is responsible for approximately 70% of cases of early-onset primary torsion dystonia. The function of wildtype torsinA is still unknown, and it is unsolved how the deletion in the DYT1 gene contributes to the development of the disease. To better understand the molecular processes involved in torsinA pathology, we used genome-wide oligonucleotide microarrays to characterize gene expression patterns in the striatum of mouse models overexpressing the human wildtype and mutant torsinA. By this approach we were able to detect gene expression changes that seem to be specific for torsinA pathology. We found an impact of torsinA, independent from genotype, on vesicle trafficking, exocytosis, and neurotransmitter release in our mouse model. In addition, we were able to identify several new pathways and processes involved in the development of the nervous system that are affected by wildtype and mutant torsinA. Furthermore, we have striking evidence from our gene expression data that glutamate receptor mediated synaptic plasticity in the striatum is the affected underlying cellular process for impaired motor learning in human ΔGAG torsinA transgenic mice. 相似文献
998.
Network data-transfer times in distributed simulation environments can be reduced by performing data analysis at the remote source, if the analytical technique does not require the entire set of data at once. This novel multi-tau autocorrelation algorithm allows time-domain data records to be processed in discrete, distributed segments and combined at a later point in time. The new approach agrees with autocorrelation results performed by concatenating the discrete segments before correlation, but it operates with significantly shortened processing times. The multi-tau algorithm also benefits from reduced memory requirements since it does not require access to the entire data record at once, and from improved scalability since the multi-tau algorithm has order O(N), while fast Fourier transform autocorrelation algorithms have order O(N log N). This distributed algorithm has particular utility in simulations of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy or photon correlation spectroscopy. 相似文献
999.
Dehen CJ Everly RM Plocinik RM Hedderich HG Simpson GJ 《The Review of scientific instruments》2007,78(1):013106
A new instrument was constructed to perform discrete retardance nonlinear optical ellipsometry (DR-NOE). The focus of the design was to perform second harmonic generation NOE while maximizing sample and application flexibility and minimizing data acquisition time. The discrete retardance configuration results in relatively simple computational algorithms for performing nonlinear optical ellipsometric analysis. NOE analysis of a disperse red 19 monolayer yielded results that were consistent with previously reported values for the same surface system, but with significantly reduced acquisition times. 相似文献
1000.
Armstrong MR Boyden K Browning ND Campbell GH Colvin JD DeHope WJ Frank AM Gibson DJ Hartemann F Kim JS King WE LaGrange TB Pyke BJ Reed BW Shuttlesworth RM Stuart BC Torralva BR 《Ultramicroscopy》2007,107(4-5):356-367
Although recent years have seen significant advances in the spatial resolution possible in the transmission electron microscope (TEM), the temporal resolution of most microscopes is limited to video rate at best. This lack of temporal resolution means that our understanding of dynamic processes in materials is extremely limited. High temporal resolution in the TEM can be achieved, however, by replacing the normal thermionic or field emission source with a photoemission source. In this case the temporal resolution is limited only by the ability to create a short pulse of photoexcited electrons in the source, and this can be as short as a few femtoseconds. The operation of the photo-emission source and the control of the subsequent pulse of electrons (containing as many as 5 x 10(7) electrons) create significant challenges for a standard microscope column that is designed to operate with a single electron in the column at any one time. In this paper, the generation and control of electron pulses in the TEM to obtain a temporal resolution <10(-6)s will be described and the effect of the pulse duration and current density on the spatial resolution of the instrument will be examined. The potential of these levels of temporal and spatial resolution for the study of dynamic materials processes will also be discussed. 相似文献