Bestimmung der Abtragungsraten von Zirconium,Tantal und der Legierung Tantal-40Niob in fluoridhaltiger azeotroper Salpetersäure mit Hilfe der Radiotracer-Methode

The radiotracer technique as a means to investigate the corrosion of zirconium, tantalum, and a Ta-40Nb alloy in fluoride containing azeotropic nitric acid Zirconium and tantalum as well as the tantalum 40% niobium alloy are of considerable technical importance due to their high corrosion resistance against numerous corrosive media. With respect to corrosion testing in analytically pure azeotropic nitric acid in the temperature range between 20 and 121°C, corrosion rates were determined for zirconium: 7 · 10^?6 to 5 · 10^?4 mm/y, for tantalum: 10^?8 to 4 · 10^?6 mm/y, and for the Ta-40Nb alloy: 2 · 10^?7 to 8 · 10^?6 mm/y [1]. These corrosion rates will be markedly increased by adding small amounts of fluorides or by fluoride impurities. The radiotracer method after neutron activation was applied to determine the corrosion rates in azeotropic fluoride containing nitric acid. Even minute additions of fluorides strongly affect the corrosion resistance of zirconium. In the range between 0.15 and 10 ppm F^? and at a temperature of 108°C, corrosion rates between 5.3 · 10^?3 and 3.1 mm/y were measured. It was impossible to establish a limit for the fluoride concentration, below which the corrosion rate of zirconium will not be adversely influenced. The corrosion rates of tantalum and the Ta-40Nb alloy are considerably increasing above a fluoride concentration of 10 ppm. The highest corrosion rates measured were between 8.4 · 10^?3 mm/y at 50°C/280 ppm F^? and 1.4 · 10^?2 mm/y at 110°C/320 ppm F^?. Within the range of this investigation, the corrosion resistance of tantalum was higher than that of the Ta-40Nb alloy by one order of magnitude. The corrosion resistance of zirconium and tantalum was not influenced by any treatment of the samples before testing.     

Packaging production and consumption in the world and in some industrialized countries

This paper reports on statistics concerning production and consumption of packaging (as a whole or per capita) in Europe, in the USA, in Japan and in the world. Data have been provided by National Trade Associations and by consultants specialized in packaging and in economics. It is estimated that in 1986 the global consumption of packaging reached 150 millions of tonnes valued at 1200 billions of French francs. Consumption could reach 247 million tonnes by the year 2000. Paper and board have the highest consumption rate, but plastics have the highest rate of growth. Nevertheless, consumption per capita in the industrialized countries will be more than 10 times the consumption in underdeveloped countries. The packaging industries take fourth place in the USA, sixth in Western Germany and twelfth in France. In Europe, as in the world, paper and board is the material most used (40%), with glass (a high density material) taking second place and plastics third, i.e. if we consider the quantity of materials and not their value. Some differences appear between the various countries, but the figures for USA and Japan lead to similar conclusions. The survey shows clearly that the USA as compared with Europe has twice the consumption of packaging materials per capita and this difference is even greater compared with the rest of the world.     

Assessment of response function in two PET scanners with and without interplane septa

The authors have assessed the response function both experimentally and theoretically for two commercial tomographs: CTI 931/08-12 and CTI 953B with and without interplane septa. Monte Carlo simulations were undertaken using the GEANT package from CERN. Spatial resolution (tomographic and axial) was calculated for line sources at various positions in the field of view. Sensitivity and scatter fraction (SF) were calculated for various source geometries as a function of energy discrimination. A very realistic response function in positron emission tomography (PET) is obtained by Monte Carlo methods, using global parameters to account for unsimulated phenomena such as scintillation light transport inside a detector block and its sharing among the various phototubes. Minor discrepancies remain for sensitivity and SF at high energy thresholds and may probably be explained by introducing the observed dispersion in the energy response for the various crystals within a detector block.     

The effects of boundary conditions on the basal glide of ice crystals in compression

Creep experiments were conducted on ice crystals in compression to investigate the effects of boundary conditions on a single-slip system deformed in plane strain. Friction at the platens of the deformation apparatus introduces a bending moment which causes a variation in the amount of lattice rotation across the specimen. This is shown to occur in mechanically constrained crystals observed through plane polarized light. Relieving the constraints and minimizing friction at the ice-platen contact leads to the widening of the sample near the specimen-platen interface and the production of tails symmetrically disposed about the longitudinal axis of the deformed crystals. This is interpreted to originate from a bending moment in the opposite sense from that obtained in the constrained crystals, resulting from a progressive increase in slip displacement towards the platens where the segments of the slip plane become shorter. When the crystal ends were constrained but allowed to move sideways, a simple shear regime was established in which lattice slip was concentrated in the centre of the crystal.     

The k-simultaneous consensus problem

This paper introduces and investigates the k-simultaneous consensus task: each process participates at the same time in k independent consensus instances until it decides in any one of them. It is shown that the k-simultaneous consensus task is equivalent to the k-set agreement task in the wait-free read/write shared memory model, and furthermore k-simultaneous consensus possesses properties that k-set does not. In particular we show that the multivalued version and the binary version of the k-simultaneous consensus task are wait-free equivalent. These equivalences are independent of the number of processes. Interestingly, this provides us with a new characterization of the k-set agreement task that is based on the fundamental binary consensus problem.     

Property Testing of Regular Tree Languages

We consider the edit distance with moves on the class of words and the class of ordered trees. We first exhibit a simple tester for the class of regular languages on words and generalize it to the class of ranked and unranked regular trees. We also show that this distance problem is -complete on ordered trees. A preliminary version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of 31st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, volume 3142 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 932–944, Springer, 2005. Work supported by ACI Sécurité Informatique: VERA of the French Ministry of research.     

Onde quasi-TEM des guides cylindriques blindés

tem approximation technique is widely used in the study of waveguides characterized by the fundamental mode without cutoff frequency. It seems that exact justification of this approximation has never been delt with before to his knowledge. Here the author is trying to show the justification for a closed waveguide noting the difference between a quasi-TEM wave and an ordinary tem wave.     

A new sarpedobilin-containing butterflyPapilio graphium stresemani stresemani and its bioecological situation within the species

The doubly cyclized bile pigment sarpedobilin (3) represents a unique case in nature. In spite of being present in trace amounts in many butterfly and moth species containing pterobilin (1) or phorcabilin (2) as the main bilin, this substance occurs as the main pigment in a restricted number of species geographically limited to Southeast Asia. We have isolated and identified sarpedobilin3 (as the dimethyl ester) as the main bile pigment fromPapilio graphium stresemani stresemani (from Ceram island, Indonesia) in the amount of ca. 0.1 mg per individual, double that found inPapilio sar-pedon orP. weiskei. We conclude thatP. sarpedon (and subspecies)P. weis-kei, andP. stresemani represent, in terms of evolution (see article), a group of closely related species. By comparison of colored wing patterns and resistance of the chromoproteins to hydrolysis by MeOH-H₂SO₄,P. stresemani is nearP. weiskei. The bioecological relationships of the three sarpedobilin-containing species is discussed.     

Optical field concentration in low-index waveguides

We present a highly efficient optical field concentrator that is capable of confining optical field in nanometer-thin low-index media with very high optical confinement factor. The structure is made of multiple-layered low-index nanolayers embedded in high-index silicon waveguides. By creating multiple high-index-contrast interfaces, the normal field in the low-index nanolayer regions is significantly enhanced. It subsequently results in a very high optical confinement and power density in these regions. With the help of numerical simulation tools, the guiding and propagating characteristics of the new structure are studied and presented. The optimal structures have demonstrated confinement factors and normalized power densities in the range of 30%-60% and 20-160 /spl mu/m/sup -2/ for the 5-20-nm thin low-index multiple nanolayers.