Formal methods: The next generation of system design tools

Because of the growing demand for increasingly complex computer-based systems there is now an urgent need to provide tools to assist during the design of such systems. Formal specifications and formal methods provide such assistance but their widespread adoption has been hindered by the so-called ‘math fear’ and the perception that the tools are too difficult, too time consuming and too costly to use in a commercial environment. The aim of this article is to dispel the mystery surrounding the topic and to explain what formal methods are, how and why they are used, the benefits that accrue and why the technology should be accepted on a broader front. The application of formal methods to the design of computer-based systems will be discussed without resorting to jargon or mathematics. The discussion will concentrate more on the software content of systems but the arguments apply equally well to hardware. Some of the available tools will also be introduced.     

Use of inverse gas chromatography to quantify interactions in amine cured epoxy resins

Flory–Huggins interaction parameters, λ, were determined for a series of probes in an amine cured epoxy resin matrix (433–493 K) and its precursors (324–363 K) by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). Hildebrand–Scatchard theory was combined with Flory–Huggins theory in order to estimate infinte dilution solubility parameters (δ₂) for the matrix and its precursors at 298 K. It was shown that the value of the solubility parameter for the cured resin matrix lies between those of its precursors. Compared to the majority of published work, an unusual aspect of this application of IGC is that solubility parameters have been determined when the stationery phases are (i) small molecules and (ii) a highly crosslinked polymer. Moreover, all possible attempts have been made to ensure equilibrium conditions between probe and stationary phase, and compensation for asymmetry of peak profile has been applied in determining δ₂. The solubility parameters estimated by IGC are in good agreement with those calculated by other methods.     

Reversing the Lecture/Homework Paradigm Using eTEACH® Web‐based Streaming Video Software

A new online streaming video and multi‐media application called eTEACH, http:eTEACH.engr.wisc.edu was used to reform a large, lecture‐based computer science course for engineering majors. In‐class lectures were replaced with videotaped lectures and other materials that students viewed on the Internet on their own schedule, making it possible to use the live class periods for small, team problem‐solving sessions facilitated by the professors and a teaching assistant. By using the eTEACH application to transform course lectures into “homework” and free up the face‐to‐face class time for working on problems that were similar to homework assignments, the professors effectively reversed the lecture and homework paradigm of a typical large lecture course. A thorough course evaluation over two semesters showed that students who took the online lecture version of the course gave significantly higher ratings to all aspects of the course, including lecture usefulness, professor responsiveness, the course overall, and the instructor. Although a few students missed having the opportunity to ask questions during lectures, about two‐thirds of the 531 students surveyed felt it was easier to take notes and understand the lectures presented via eTEACH than it would have been while attending the same lecture live, and 78% of students appreciated the ability to view and review course lectures on their own schedule.     

Regeneration studies on nickel molybdate catalysts used for the upgrading of coal-derived liquids

Nickel molybdate catalysts used in several different upgrading reactions of coal-derived materials from low-rank Australian coals have been regenerated and their activity assessed using a number of physical and chemical techniques. Regeneration of spent coked catalysts for 20 hours in air at 450°C was sufficient to restore chemical hydrogenation activity to catalyst used for pre-asphaltene, asphaltene and oil upgrading, provided poisoning of the catalyst surface by other impurities, principally chlorine-containing molecules, had not occurred.     

Multitemporal passive microwave mapping in MACHYDRO'90

MACHYDR0'90 was an experiment conducted in Pennsylvania in 1990 to study the synergistic use of remote sensors in multitemporal hydrologic studies. As part of this mission the pushbroom microwave radiometer was flown and used to produce brightness temperature maps. Verification studies and vegetation algorithms for mixed land cover areas are described