OBJECTIVE: To explore whether there are different disease patterns of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in women and men. METHODS: We studied 55 male case patients and 110 female control patients who developed RA between 1970 and 1985 and who resided and received medical care in Olmsted County, Minnesota, for at least 10 years after the diagnosis of RA. Case and control patients were matched for the date of first diagnosis. The pattern and extent of joint involvement, the frequency of joint surgeries, and the presence and type of extraarticular manifestations were determined by retrospective chart review. RESULTS: Incidence rates in women were variable and age dependent, whereas the risk in men older than 36 years was constant over their lifetime. Erosive disease was more frequent in men than in women (72% versus 55%, respectively; P < 0.05) and tended to occur earlier (47% versus 31% for erosive disease within the first 4 years of RA). Although male sex was correlated with a higher risk of bony erosions and an accelerated course of RA, structural consequences of joint destruction were more pronounced in women. Joint surgery was performed more frequently in women (50%) than in men (27%) (P = 0.01). In particular, the frequencies of arthroplasties and arthrodeses of hand and foot joints were different (34 procedures in women versus 1 procedure in men; P < 0.001). Sex influenced the risk as well as the pattern of organ involvement in RA. Nodules and rheumatoid lung disease were typical manifestations in men (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), whereas women typically developed sicca syndrome (P = 0.05). Despite differences in disease aggressiveness and disease pattern, there was little difference in the medical therapy in the men compared with the women. CONCLUSION: RA is a heterogeneous disease with variations in phenotype. Sex-associated factors influence disease severity as well as disease pattern. Because sex-related effects influence treatment goals, treatment responses, and side effects, they should be considered in clinical study design and analysis as well as in the treatment decisions for individual patients with RA. 相似文献
NPI‐2358 ( 1 ) is a potent antimicrotubule agent that was developed from a natural diketopiperazine, phenylahistin, which is currently in Phase I clinical trials as an anticancer drug. To understand the precise recognition mechanism of tubulin by this agent, we focused on its potent derivative, KPU‐244 ( 2 ), which has been modified with a photoreactive benzophenone structure, and biotin‐tagged KPU‐244 derivatives ( 3 and 4 ), which were designed and synthesized for tubulin photoaffinity labeling. Introduction of the biotin structure at the p′‐position of the benzophenone ring in 2 exhibited reduced, but significant biological activities with tubulin binding, tubulin depolymerization and cytotoxicity in comparison to the parent KPU‐244. Therefore, tubulin photoaffinity labeling studies of biotin‐derivatives 3 and 4 were performed by using Western blotting analysis after photoirradiation with 365 nm UV light. The results indicated that tubulin was covalently labeled by these biotin‐tagged photoprobes. The labeling of compound 4 was competitively inhibited by the addition of diketopiperazine 1 or colchicine, and weakly inhibited by the addition of vinblastine. The results suggest that photoaffinity probe 4 specifically recognizes tubulin at the same binding site as anticancer drug candidate 1 , and this leads to the disruption of microtubules. Probe 4 serves well as a useful chemical probe for potent antimicrotubule diketopiperazines, much like phenylahistin, and it also competes for the colchicine‐binding site. 相似文献
Chromosome aberrations affecting 3q27 are among the most frequent non-random abnormalities in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), especially the diffuse, large cell type. Recently, an association between BCL6 rearrangement and frequent extranodal lesions, rare bone marrow infiltration and a favorable clinical outcome was reported. We performed molecular studies of the BCL6 gene in 54 patients with NHL. Twelve patients (22%) with rearranged BCL6 genes were selected for histological, clinical, molecular, and cytogenetic studies. Ten of these cases were diffuse, large cell type lymphoma, one a follicular lymphoma, and one a mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). All cases were of the B-cell type and this is the first time a rearranged BCL6 gene has been found in an MCL. Cytogenetic data for 10 cases were available and the partner sites of the 3q27 translocation were determined in 7 of 10 patients. These locations were variable, including 6p21.3, 9p22, and 14q11 in addition to the immunoglobulin loci 14q32 (IGH), 2p12 (IGK), and 22q11 (IGL). The heterogeneity in partner sites is distinct from other lymphoma subgroups and may suggest that the genetic events are not uniform among patients with BCL6 rearrangements. 相似文献
A new scaling technique was developed in the present work to investigate the image integration of consumers, taking advantage of the recent visual and object-oriented programming technology. Employed visual stimuli were the logos (and the accompanying symbolic marks, if any) of the four leading cosmetic makers, the logos of their brands and the photos of their product packages of skincare items targeted at young females. 19 females subjects evaluated the stimuli with respect to four, five and eight items for the corporate (Clmg), the brand (Blmg) and the package (Plmg) images. The image inheritance was analyzed on the internally anchored items. In addition, external anchores were employed to facilitate the Kansei processing in part of the Bimg evaluations. The major findings included the contrasting patterns exhibited by two makers both in the maker/brand discrepancies and in the image inheritances. Among the important issues to be considered in the future work are the mediation effect of the matching task and the class structure of evaluative items like those employed in AHP.
No Heading We measured the slippage of 4He films adsorbed on Grafoil using the quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) technique. The slippage of 4He films depended on the oscillating amplitude. In a large oscillating amplitude of a 5.0 MHz quartz crystal, 4He films underwent slipping gradually below a certain temperature. On the other hand, in a small oscillating amplitude, another additional increase appeared.PACS numbers: 67.20. +k, 81.40.Pq 相似文献
Argatroban has selective antithrombin activity and widely used for treatment of ASO. In this study we investigated vasodilating activity of Argatroban besides antithrombin activity in ASO patients. Three patients who have undergone F-P bypasses previously which were all occluded received 10 mg or 20 mg of Argatroban per day intravenously for 4 weeks. Skin temperature were measured before and after administration of Argatroban at the point of 1, 2, 4 weeks which increased 2.3-6.0 degrees C after administration of Argatroban. Subjective symptoms were also improved and these patients became to be able to walk 1.5-3.3 km. These patients were also given PGE, intravenously, however, temperature increase was less than 1.1 degrees C. These results showed that Argatroban has not only antithrombin activity but also significant vasodilating activity resulting in increase of skeletal muscle blood flow. 相似文献
From July 1979 to February 1995, 126 patients, including 4 reoperations, aged between 6 months and 77 years underwent mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation. The patients were divided in two groups, 46 patients aged less than 16 years in pediatric age group and the other 80 patients in a dult group. The methods consisted of asymmetric annuloplasty (Kay-Reed method) in 98 patient, Carpentier-Edwards ring annuloplasty in 14, quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet with annuloplasty in 9, and chordal and leaflet repair in 5. There was no hospital nor late death in pediatric age group. Three hospital deaths and one late death were in adult group. Follow-up was 96% complete and totaled 812.1 patient years. Reoperations underwent in 3 pediatric patients and 9 adults. At 15 years' follow-up, freedom from reoperation was 91.5 +/- 4.7% in pediatric age group and 67.1 +/- 12.7% in adults. Freedom from event was 63.5 +/- 12.1% in adult group. These results suggest that mitral repair with Kay-Reed method in pediatric age group is favorable for long-term. In contrast, indications for mitral reconstraction with other methods including ring annuloplasty should be extended for aged patients with severely dilated annuls and degenerated leaflets. 相似文献