Analog Circuit Design Methodology in a Low Power RISC Microprocessor

There are various kinds of analog CMOS circuits in microprocessors. IOs, clock distribution circuits including PLL, memories are the main analog circuits. The circuit techniques to achieve low power dissipation combined with high performance in newest prototype chip in the Super H RISC engines are described. A TLB delay can be decreased by using a CAM with a differential amplifier to generate the match signal. The accelerator circuit also helps to speed up the TLB circuit, enabling single-cycle operation. A fabricated 96-mm² test chip with the super H architecture using 0.35-m four metal CMOS technology is capable of 167-MHz operation at 300 Dhrystone MIPS with 2.0-W power dissipation.     

Immediate-type heat urticaria: report of a case and study of plasma histamine release

We report a 68-year-old man who had immediate-type heat urticaria with systemic symptoms. Immersing his hand in water at 42 degrees C (heat challenge test) produced an urticarial response, with an increase in the plasma histamine level from 0.26 to 7.64 ng/mL. Administration of oral antihistamines alone did not suppress either the urticarial response or the increase in plasma histamine. However, a combination of antihistamines and desensitization improved the skin lesions and reduced the plasma histamine level. The heat challenge test subsequently provoked a negative response and there was no increase in plasma histamine level 3 months after starting the combination therapy. These results indicate that the histamine level reflected the result of the heat challenge test and the amelioration of the skin eruption.     

Induction of ectopic corticotropic tumor in mouse embryos by exo utero cell transplantation and its effects on the fetal adrenal gland

To establish an in vivo experimental system for developmental endocrinology research, AtT-20 cells, a corticotropic tumor cell line, were transplanted by exo utero manipulation into mouse embryos on embryonic day 14. The induced tumor secreted ACTH in situ, and the circulating ACTH level was elevated. This was the first model for studying the regulation of ACTH in the mouse fetal adrenal in vivo and the first continuous ACTH treatment model in rodent fetuses. The changes in the adrenal gland from the tumor-induced embryos were analyzed by light microscopic morphometry, immunohistochemistry for steroidogenic enzymes, and electron microscopy. In the treated adrenal, the volume of the inner cortical zone was significantly larger than that in controls. In the inner zone, cell density was decreased, and average cell size was increased, whereas bromodeoxyuridine-incorporation was not increased. The enlarged inner zone cells expressed an enhanced level of cytochrome P45011beta, the corticosterone-synthesizing enzyme, and the serum corticosterone level was increased. Electron microscopy showed an active form of the organelles involved in steroidogenesis. These findings indicate that ACTH stimulates both adrenocortical hypertrophy and steroidogenesis in fetal mice. Potential perspectives of the novel paradigm in this research for molecular developmental endocrine study are discussed.     

A patient with acromegalic heart disease--a case report

A perioperative anesthetic management of a 69 year old woman with acromegaly whose clinical course was characterized by severe heart failure is described. The patient showed symptoms of massive cardiomegaly. Endocrine studies indicated that her pituitary tumor was active with hyperproduction of growth hormone. There was no demonstrable evidence for other known causes of heart disease. Following hormonal therapy using continuous subcutaneous infusion of somatostatin for about two months, there was improvement in daily activity and reduction in heart size. After the improvement of cardiac function, transsphenoidal hypophysectomy was performed under general anesthesia and its perioperative course was quite uneventful. We conclude that because cardiac involvement such as left ventricular dilatation in acromegaly might be reversible with proper treatment, any surgical procedure, as long as the case is elective, should be considered after hormone therapy.     

An XPS study of the surfaces on Fe-Cr,Fe-Co and Fe-Ni alloys after mechanical polishing

Using an XPS technique, the composition and thickness of the surface film and the composition of the underlying alloy surface on Fe-Cr, Fe-Co and Fe-Ni alloys were studied after polishing with silicon carbide paper in trichloro-ethylene and cyclohexane. The compositions of the underlying alloy surface after polishing were almost the same as those of the bulk alloys but the film compositions depended on the alloying addition and environment during polishing. The cationic fractions in the surface films on the Fc-Cr alloys polished in both solvents were almost the same as the corresponding atomic fractions of the bulk alloys. In contrast, iron ions were apt to be concentrated in the surface films on the Fe-Co and Fe-Ni alloys, and the weights of nickel ions were different in the surface films on the Fe-Ni alloys polished in different solvents. Chloride ions were found in the surface films due to the reaction of the metal surface with trichloro-ethylene. The amount of chloride ions was particularly large in the surface films on the Fe-Ni alloys. Heating the alloy specimens under the vacuum of the spectrometer resulted in almost complete reduction of the surface films on the Fe-Co and Fe-Ni alloys, and in the change in the compositions of all alloy surfaces.     

Specific isoprenyl group linked to transducin gamma-subunit is a determinant of its unique signaling properties among G-proteins

Among 11 subtypes of heterotrimeric G-protein gamma-subunit, gamma1 (rod), gamma8 (cone) and gamma11 are modified with farnesyl while the others are modified with geranylgeranyl at the C-terminus. To understand the role of specific isoprenylation (farnesylation) of retinal transducin, we examined how and to what extent the type of isoprenyl group affects transducin-beta gamma (beta1 gamma1) functions such as interactions with membranes, Galpha/receptor, and effectors. To this end, the C-terminal farnesylation signal sequence (CVIS) of gamma1 was replaced by a geranylgeranylation signal (CVIL), and the resultant mutant (S74L) or wild-type (WT) gamma1 was coexpressed with beta1 in the baculovirus-Tn5 insect cell system. Both gamma1WT and gamma1S74L expressed as a beta gamma complex were mixtures modified with farnesyl and geranylgeranyl groups. The ratio of farnesyl to geranylgeranyl in preparations of beta1 gamma1WT and beta1 gamma1S74L purified from the Tn5 cell membrane fraction was about 1:2 and 1:6, respectively. These two forms of recombinant beta1 gamma1 and retinal beta1 gamma1 were different in their abilities to associate with rod outer segment membranes with the following rank order: beta1 gamma1S74L > beta1 gamma1WT > retinal beta1 gamma1. Functionally, beta1 gamma1S74L was the most potent to promote pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP ribosylation of transducin-alpha (Talpha), to stimulate metarhodopsin II-catalyzed GTPgammaS-binding reaction to Talpha and to modulate adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C activities. All of the beta1 gamma1 functions absolutely required the isoprenylation of the gamma-subunit. As for the interaction with Goalpha and adenylyl cyclase, predominantly geranylgeranylated beta1 gamma1S74L was less effective than geranylgeranylated beta1 gamma2 purified from bovine brain. These results demonstrate that the properties of Gbeta gamma are strongly affected by the type of functionally indispensable isoprenylation in addition to the amino acid sequence of Ggamma. The relative contribution of the two factors depends on proteins with which Gbeta gamma interacts.     

Broadbanding of corrugated conical horns by means of the ring-loaded corrugated waveguide structure

Broadbanding of corrugated conical horns is investigated with the ring-loaded corrugated circular waveguide (RCWG) structure devised by the authors. The useful frequency bandwidth in which the corrugated horn is effective for the improvement of antenna properties is limited by the frequency characteristics of the horn-aperture field and input VSWR of the horn. By the precise analysis of the RCWG, the maximum frequency range in which the desirable field is obtained is much wider than that in the conventional corrugated circular waveguide, and is achieved almost independent of ring thickness, when ring width is about 20 percent of slot depth. The characteristic impedance of the RCWG is nearly equal to that of the homogeneous circular waveguide when ring thickness becomes large. Therefore, a good transformer between the RCWG and the homogeneous circular waveguide is achieved by increasing ring thickness from the RCWG toward the homogeneous waveguide. From the above investigations, it is found that in the ring-loaded corrugated horn, the useful bandwidth is 1.35 times broader than that in the conventional corrugated horn. The theoretical results are verified by the experimental results.     

Cutoff frequencies of vector wave modes in cladded inhomogeneous optical fibre

Asymptotic vector wave formulas for calculating the cutoff frequencies in optical fibres with graded-index core and uniform cladding are derived. Numerical examples are given in comparison with the scalar wave solutions, in order to show that the mode degeneracy present in the regime of scalar wave approximations is removed and the cutoff values in degenerate states split slightly.