Investigation of the Possibility of the Insecticide Diagnosis Using Infrared Thermography

Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing -     

Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Control With Ultra-Local Model and Single Input Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control for Pitch Control of Wind Turbines

As wind energy is becoming one of the fastest-growing renewable energy resources, controlling large-scale wind turbines remains a challenging task due to its system model nonlinearities and high external uncertainties. The main goal of the current work is to propose an intelligent control of the wind turbine system without the need for model identification. For this purpose, a novel model-independent nonsingular terminal sliding-mode control (MINTSMC) using the basic principles of the ultra-local model (ULM) and combined with the single input interval type-2 fuzzy logic control (SIT2-FLC) is developed for non-linear wind turbine pitch angle control. In the suggested control framework, the MINTSMC scheme is designed to regulate the wind turbine speed rotor, and a sliding-mode (SM) observer is adopted to estimate the unknown phenomena of the ULM. The auxiliary SIT2-FLC is added in the model-independent control structure to improve the rotor speed regulation and compensate for the SM observation estimation error. Extensive examinations and comparative analyses were made using a real-time software-in-the-loop (RT-SiL) based on the dSPACE 1202 board to appraise the efficiency and applicability of the suggested model-independent scheme in a real-time testbed.      

Electro-conductive modification of polyethylene terephthalate fabric with nano carbon black and washing fastness improvement by dopamine self-polymerized layer

Modification of textiles with new applications target such as electroconductive fabrics has recently attracted researchers. In this article, carbon black nanoparticles (CB NPs) were applied to polyester fabric through two separate high temperature (HT) exhaustion processing with NaOH and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as alkali hydrolysis catalyst and dispersing agents. To improve the stability of CB NPs on the fabric a self-polymerized compound, dopamine (DA) was used in a simple dipping method at room temperature for 24 h to form a thin layer of PDA on CB NPs-treated fabric. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to study the morphology of the fabrics confirming presence of CB NPs. EDX and mapping patterns showed the percentage and distribution of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen elements on the fabric surface. The treated fabric indicated an electrical resistance of 14 kΩ turns a LED device on with a 10 V power supply. Self-polymerized DA on the fabric surface led to more nitrogen and oxygen caused higher CB NPs stability. Furthermore, the tensile strength results revealed a 25.8% lower tenacity on the treated fabric. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 48035.     

Alkylation of benzene by long-chain alkenes on immobilized phosphotungstic acid

Journal of Porous Materials - Linear alkylbenzenes (LAB) are semi-products in the manufacture of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactants that are active ingredients of various detergents. The use...     

Polymer–montmorillonite nanocomposites: Chemical grafting of polyvinyl acetate onto Cloisite 20A

This paper is an account of the experiments on grafting polyvinyl acetate onto organophilic montmorillonite. Cloisite 20A was reacted with vinyltrichlorosilane to replace the edge hydroxyl groups of the clay with a vinyl moiety. Because the reaction liberates HCl, it was performed in the presence of sodium hydrogencarbonate to prevent the exchange of quaternary alkylammonium cations with H⁺ ions. Only the silanol groups on the edge of the clay react with vinyltrichlorosilane. After the reaction, the product maintained the same basal spacing as the precursor. The radical polymerization of the product with vinyl acetate as a vinyl monomer leads to chemical grafting of polyvinyl acetate onto montmorillonite surface. The homopolymer formed during polymerization was separated from the grafted organoclay by Soxhelt extraction. Chemical grafting of the polymer onto Cloisite 20A was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The prepared nanocomposite materials and the grafted nano‐particles were studied by XRD, SEM, and TEM. Exfoliated nanocomposite was obtained for 0.5% clay content. Nanocomposites with 1% and 3% clay contents showed significant intercalation and agglomeration occurred at higher clay loadings. The nanocomposites were studied by thermogravimertic analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA). Improved thermo‐mechanical properties were observed for nanocomposite with 0.5% clay content. POLYM. COMPOS., © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Investigating the degradation resistance of silicone-acrylate containing automotive clearcoats exposed to bird droppings

This work reports preparation of acrylic/melamine based clearcoats containing various loads of a reactive polysiloxane additive. The additive was incorporated into the clearcoat formulations up to 8 wt% to enhance its resistance against bird droppings. Contact angle measurements, ATR spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, appearance measurements together with different microscopic techniques were utilized to reveal the effects of additive on the properties of the coating prior and after exposure to pancreatin, the synthetic equivalent of natural bird droppings. Appearance measurements, as well as optical microscope images obviously indicated that the additive improved the clearcoats resistance against pancreatin. Results revealed that surface free energy of the films was reduced in the presence of additive. It was also found that at high concentrations of additive, a significant part of it remained in the bulk, forming a second phase. This resulted in a lack of sufficient reactive groups and lead to an under-cure state at the clearcoat surface.     

The role of basecoat pigmentation on the biological resistance of an automotive clearcoat

This work aims to study the effect of various natural and artificial biological compounds on an automotive acrylic/melamine clearcoat applied over silver and black basecoats containing pigments. The visual performance of the coating system was evaluated at different aging conditions. To this end, analytical techniques including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, gonio-spectrophotometery, gloss measurement, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and DMTA analysis were utilized to investigate the optical and mechanical response of the system upon exposure to the biological materials. Results indicated different effects produced by gums and bird droppings on both silver and black systems at all aging processes. In addition, a more severe effect of biological attacks was observed on the clearcoat samples applied on the black basecoat which had experienced postaging conditions. However, it was found that pancreatin and bird droppings influence the coating systems more severely compared to the natural and synthetic Arabic gums.