The study of agglomerate strength is of vital importance in several industrial applications such as pharmaceutical, detergent and food manufacturing. Agglomerates could experience a size reduction during the production and handling processes due to collisions with other agglomerates or with the moving components and walls as well as during bulk flow due to shear deformation. In this analysis, we focus on the agglomerate damage due to oblique impact on walls, as this is a common damage process during, for example, pneumatic conveying and size reduction in pin mills.
Computer simulations have been carried out using Distinct Element Analysis, where the breakage characteristics of oblique impacts and the effect of the interparticle bond strength have been analysed. The procedure adopted here provides an isotropic and spherical agglomerate (uniform mass distribution and coordination number within radial segments of the agglomerate). The results indicate that the damage ratio (i.e. the number fraction of the broken bonds) depends on the normal component of the impact velocity only, i.e. the tangential component has little effect. However, the position of the clusters produced on impact does depend on the impact angle, which influences the pattern of breakage and in turn the size distribution of the large clusters. 相似文献
The characterization of sinusoidal signals with time varying amplitude and phase is useful and applicable for many
fields. Therefore several algorithms have been suggested to estimate main aspects of these signals. Within no
standard approach to test the properties of these algorithms, it seems to be helpful to discuss a large class of
algorithms according to their properties. In this paper, six methods of estimating dynamic phasor have been reviewed
and discussed which three of them are based on least square and others are based on Kalman filter. Taylor expansion
is used as a first step and continued with least square or Kalman filter in accordance with the proposal observer of
each method. The theoretical processes of these methods are briefly clarified. The characterizations have been made
by some tests in time and frequency domains. The tests include amplitude step, phase step, frequency step,
frequency response, total vector error, transient monitor, noise, sample number, computation time, harmonic and DC
offset which build a framework to compare the different methods. 相似文献
The ion-exchange kinetics of Fe2+ cations in aqueous solution with H+ from alginic acid have been analyzed in this study as a function of contact time lengths using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry analysis. The kinetic parameters have been evaluated using pseudo 1st or 2nd order models, and a consistent ion-exchange mechanism is suggested. Furthermore, an insight into the calcination of Fe2+ ion-exchanged alginic acid process has been obtained by using simultaneous thermo-gravimetric analysis coupled with differential scanning calorimetry and high temperature X-ray diffraction. 相似文献
This study was done to determine the optimum process conditions for absorption of sulfur dioxide in a mixture of flue gases. Using a selective amine-based absorber; a high amount of SO2 was absorbed in the scrubbing process. The process was designed to reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide. The pilot plant was designed and set up in the Research Center of Petroleum University of Technology, containing absorption and desorption stages. This paper reports an investigation of the effect and optimization of parameters that improve the efficiency of the whole process. The experiments were conducted under varying levels of desorption temperature, pH of the absorber solution, concentration of SO2 inlet gas, and flow rate of the absorbing solution. Using Taguchi experimental design method, the optimum conditions were identified for the absorption process. An efficiency of more than 99 % could be obtained by varying the parameters in which all the released SO2 gas was absorbed from the inlet flue gas; an achievement that is much favorable for industrial purposes. 相似文献
TiO2—methylcellulose (MC) nanocomposite films processed by the sol-gel technique were studied for phocatalytic applications. Precalcined
TiO2 nanopowder was mixed with a sol and heat treated. The sol suspension was prepared by first adding titanium tetra isopropoxide
(Ti(OPr)4 or TTP) to a mixture of ethanol and HCl (molar ratio TTP:HCl:EtOH:H2O = 1:1.1:10:10) and then adding a 2 wt.% solution of methylcellulose (MC). The TiO2 nanopowder was dispersed in the sol and the mixture was deposited on a microscope glass slide by spin coating. Problems of
film inhomogeneity and defects which caused peeling and cracking during calcinations, because of film shrinkage, were overcome
by using MC as a dispersant. Effect of MC on the structure evaluation, crystallization behavior and mechanical integrity with
thermal treatment up to 500 °C are followed by SEM, XRD and scratch test. XRD Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that
the composite films with MC have much rougher surface than films made without MC. Composite films heat treated at approximately
500 °C have the greatest hardness values. For the composite thick film, the minimum load which caused the complete coating
removal was 200 g/mm2, an indication of a strong bond to the substrate. Photocatalytic activities of the composite film were evaluated through
the degradation of a model pollutant, the textile dye, Light Yellow X6G (C.I. Reactive Yellow 2) and were compared with the
activity of (i) a similar composite film without MC, and (ii) a TiO2 nanopowder. The good mechanical integrity make this composite film an interesting candidate for practical catalytic applications. 相似文献
This research aims at improving the methods of prediction of hazardous geotechnical structures in the front of a tunnel face. We propose and showcase our methodology using a case study on a water supply system in Cheshmeh Roozieh, Iran. Geotechnical investigations had previously reported three measurements of the newly established method of TSP-203 (Tunnel Seismic Prediction) along 684 m of the 3200 m long tunnel up to a depth of 600 m. We use the results of TSP-203 in a trained artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate the unknown nonlinear relationships between TSP-203 results and those obtained by the methods of Rock Mass Rating classification (RMR – treated here as real values). Our results show that an appropriately trained neural network can reliably predict the weak geological zones in front of a tunnel face accurately. 相似文献
Spectrofluorometric studies on the binding properties of 5-pyridino-2,8-dithia[9](2,9)-1,10-phenanthrolinephane (L) toward La3+, Sm3+, Gd3+, Yb3+, and Nd3+ in methanol solution revealed the occurrence of both 1:1 and 2:1 (ligand/metal) complexation with a stability order of Nd3+ > Yb3+ > Gd3+ > Sm3+ > La3+. Consequently, L was used as a suitable neutral ionophore for the preparation of a novel polymeric membrane-selective electrode for Nd3+ ion. The electrode exhibited a Nernstian response over a wide concentration range (1.0 x 10(-6)-1.0 x 10(-2) M) with a low limit of detection of 7.9 x 10(-7) M. The electrode possesses a fast response time of <5 s and can be used for at least 9 weeks without observing any considerable deviation. The proposed electrode revealed a very good selectivity for Nd3+ over a wide variety of alkali, alkaline earth, transition, and heavy metal ions, including members of the lanthanide family other than Nd3+. The potentiometric response of the electrode is independent of the pH of test solution in the pH range 4.0-6.5. The proposed electrode was successfully applied to the recovery of Nd3+ ion from tap water samples and, also, as an indicator electrode, in potentiometric titration of neodymium(III) ions. 相似文献
A comparison of antireflection surfaces based on the two-dimensional binary gratings and thin-film coatings is presented. First, a two-dimensional hybrid binary grating is proposed and analyzed by use of a vector-based implementation of the rigorous coupled-wave analysis method. The optimum parameters of the structure are determined and the effects that changing them have on spectral characteristics of the structure are studied. Then this structure is compared with multilayer thin-film antireflection filters. These filters are designed by genetic algorithm and needle methods, which are powerful methods for multilayer filter design. The comparison results show that the sensitivity of the grating to changes in the incident wavelength is high. However, a reflectance of the order of 10(-3)% at the design wavelength can be achieved. The sensitivity of designed antireflection thin-film filters to wavelength changes is lower, however, and the minimum achievable reflectance is higher. 相似文献
This paper presents a new methodology demonstrating the feasibility and advantages of a state-time formulation for dynamic simulation of complex multibody systems which shows potential advantages for exploiting massively parallel computing resources. This formulation allows time to be discretized and parameterized so that it can be treated as a variable in a manner similar to the system state variables. As a consequence of such a state-time discretization scheme, the system of governing equations yields to a set of loosely coupled linear-quadratic algebraic equations that is well-suited in structure for some families of nonlinear algebraic equations solvers. The goal of this work is to develop efficient multibody dynamics algorithm that is extremely scalable and better able to fully exploit anticipated immensely parallel computing machines (tera flop, peta flop and beyond) made available to it. 相似文献