A comparative study of normalized and unnormalized tuning errors in parameter adaptive control

In the past year several advances in the development of adaptive control for non-linear systems have made it clear that algorithms not using error normalization have several significant advantages over algorithms which do, in spite of their much greater complexity. In this paper simple examples are used to give a detailed account of the essential differences in structure between adaptive algorithms of the normalized and unnormalized types. It is explained why only the latter readily generalize to non-linear process models with non-global Lipschitz non-linearities. It is shown that one of these algorithms is capable of stabilizing linear process models with different relative degrees.     

Comparative pulmonary absorption, distribution, and toxicity of copper gallium diselenide, copper indium diselenide, and cadmium telluride in Sprague-Dawley rats

Copper gallium diselenide (CGS), copper indium diselenide (CIS), and cadmium telluride (CdTe) are novel compounds used in the photovoltaic and semiconductor industries. This study was conducted to characterize the relative toxicities of these compounds and to evaluate the pulmonary absorption and distribution after intratracheal instillation. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a single equimolar dose (70 mM) of CGS (21 mg/kg), CIS (24 mg/kg), CdTe (17 mg/kg), or saline by intratracheal instillation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein, fibronectin, inflammatory cells, lung hydroxyproline, and tissue distribution were measured 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after instillation. Relative lung weights were significantly increased in CIS- and CdTe-treated rats at most time points. Inflammatory lesions in the lungs consisting of an influx of macrophages, lymphocytes, and PMNs were most severe in CdTe-treated rats, intermediate in CIS-treated rats, and minimal in rats receiving CGS. Hyperplasia of alveolar type 2 cells was present in CIS- and CdTe-treated rats and was greatest in CdTe-treated rats. Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis was observed in CdTe-treated rats at all time points. All three compounds caused marked increases in total BALF cell numbers, with the greatest increase observed in CIS-treated rats. BALF protein, fibronectin, and lung hydroxyproline were significantly increased in all treated animals and were highest in CdTe-treated animals. There was no apparent pulmonary absorption or tissue distribution of CGS. Indium levels increased in extrapulmonary tissues of CIS-treated rats, although Cu and Se levels remained unchanged. CdTe was absorbed from the lung to a greater extent than CGS and CIS. Cd and Te levels decreased in the lung and increased in extrapulmonary tissues. Of these compounds CdTe presents the greatest potential health risk because it causes severe pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis and because it is readily absorbed from the lung may potentially cause extrapulmonary toxicity.     

Clinical and genetic analysis of a pedigree of a thirty-six-year-old familial Alzheimer''s disease patient

Distribution of apolipoprotein(apo) E4 and E3 in lipoproteins of serum with apoE4/E3 phenotype was analyzed. ApoE was eluted in two major peaks by gel chromatography; peak 1 and 2 corresponding to very- and intermediate-low density lipoprotein (VLDL + IDL) and high density lipoprotein2 (HDL2), respectively. ApoE in peak 1 (VLDL + IDL) consisted of monomers of 34 kDa, complexes with a high molecular weight (apoEs) of 100 kDa and with a small amount of apoE-AII complexes weighing 43 kDa. In contrast, apoE in peak 2 (HDL2) was composed mainly of apoE-AII complexes and apoEs complexes, and a small amount of monomers. Both apoE3 and E4 isoforms were detected in these peaks; E4 was more predominant in peak 1 while E3 was more predominant in peak 2. These findings suggest that different distributions of apoE3 and E4 in lipoprotein particles.     

Elective delivery of infants with macrosomia in diabetic women: reduced shoulder dystocia versus increased cesarean deliveries

OBJECTIVE: We sought to test the hypothesis that elective delivery of infants diagnosed with macrosomia by ultrasonographic studies in diabetic women will significantly reduce the rate of shoulder dystocia without significantly increasing cesarean section rate. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective study diabetic women with ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight > or = 4250 gm underwent elective cesarean section; women with estimated fetal weight > or = 90th percentile but < 4250 gm underwent induction of labor. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were analyzed and compared for the periods before and after initiation of the protocol. RESULTS: A total of 2604 diabetic patients were included in this study. The rate of shoulder dystocia was significantly lower after instituting the protocol (2.4% vs 1.1%, odds ratio 2.2). The cesarean section rate increased significantly between the two periods (21.7% vs 25.1%, p < 0.04). Ultrasonography correctly identified the presence or absence of macrosomia in 87% of patients. Only 10.6% of diabetic patients at term required intervention under the protocol (6.8% labor induction, 3.8% elective cesarean section). The rate of shoulder dystocia was 7.4% in macrosomic infants delivered vaginally. CONCLUSION: An ultrasonographically estimated weight threshold as an indication for elective delivery in diabetic women reduces the rate of shoulder dystocia without a clinically meaningful increase in cesarean section rate. This practice, in conjunction with an intensified management approach to diabetes, improves the outcome of these high-risk women and their infants.     

Regulation of water and sodium balance in the field by Australian honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae)

We evaluated the use of water and sodium by free-living individuals of several species of Australian honeyeaters (Acanthorhynchos superciliosus, Phylidonyris novaehollandiae, Phylidonyris nigra, Manorina flavigula, and Anthochaera carunculata). Water and Na fluxes were highly variable between species, largely reflecting differences in diet. Water fluxes ranged from approximately 300% of total body water per day in 10-g, nectarivorous A. superciliosus to approximately 45% of total body water per day, typical of a desert species, in M. flavigula, a 50-g, insectivorous, arid-zone bird. Similarly, Na fluxes ranged from nearly 60% of Na pool per day in A. superciliosus to about 25% per day in M. flavigula. Despite these different fluxes, values of regulated osmoregulatory variables, including plasma osmolality, hematocrit, plasma concentrations of Na+ and K+, and exchangeable Na pool, were relatively invariant both between species and within species at different seasons. In contrast, values of variables reflecting the operation of regulatory systems did differ between species and seasons. Urine concentrations were highest in M. flavigula and, in A. carunculata, varied seasonally (higher in summer than winter). Plasma concentrations of aldosterone were lowest in A. carunculata (5-25 pg/mL), highest in P. novaehollandiae (70-200 pg/mL), and in the latter species were higher in winter than summer. Concentrations of arginine vasotocin ranged from 5 pg/mL in A. carunculata to greater than 30 pg/mL in M. flavigula. Our data demonstrate that within the family Meliphagidae, there exists substantial variation in the fluxes of water and Na and that these relate in part to body size variation but more importantly to diet. The different fluxes between species are reflected in the values of numerous osmoregulatory variables.