Industrial wireless sensor and actuator networks in industry 4.0: Exploring requirements,protocols, and challenges—A MAC survey

The vision to connect everyday physical objects to the Internet promises to create the Internet of Things (IoT), which is expected to integrate the diverse technologies such as sensors, actuators, radio frequency identification, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. Thus, IoT promises to transfer traditional industry to advance digital industry known as the Industry 4.0. At the core of the Industry 4.0 are the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) that led to the development of industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) and industrial wireless sensor and actuator networks (IWSANs). These networks play a central role of connecting machines, parts, products, and humans and create a diverse set of new applications to support intelligent and autonomous decision making. The IWSAN is a promising technology for numerous industrial applications because of their several potential benefits such as simple deployment, low cost, less complexity, and mobility support. However, despite such benefits, they impose several unique challenges at different layers of the protocol stack when deploying them for various monitoring and control applications in the Industry 4.0. In this article, we explore IWSAN, its applications, requirements, challenges, and solutions in the context of industrial control applications. Our main focus is on the medium access control (MAC) layer that can be exploited to satisfy such requirements. Our discussion presents extensive background study of the MAC schemes and it reviews the MAC protocols of the existing wireless standards and technologies. A number of application‐specific MAC protocols developed to support industrial applications, which are not part of these standards, are also elaborated. We rationalize to what extent the existing standards and protocols help in solving such requirements as laid down by the Industry 4.0. In the end, we emphasize on existing challenges and present important future directions.     

Highly Efficient and Water‐Insensitive Self‐Healing Elastomer for Wet and Underwater Electronics

Integrating self‐healing capabilities into soft electronic devices increases their durability and long‐term reliability. Although some advances have been made, the use of self‐healing electronics in wet and/or (under)water environments has proven to be quite challenging, and has not yet been fully realized. Herein, a new highly water insensitive self‐healing elastomer with high stretchability and mechanical strength that can reach 1100% and ≈6.5 MPa, respectively, is reported. The elastomer exhibits a high (>80%) self‐healing efficiency (after ≈ 24 h) in high humidity and/or different (under)water conditions without the assistance of an external physical and/or chemical triggers. Soft electronic devices made from this elastomer are shown to be highly robust and able to recover their electrical properties after damages in both ambient and aqueous conditions. Moreover, once operated in extreme wet or underwater conditions (e.g., salty sea water), the self‐healing capability leads to the elimination of significant electrical leakage that would be caused by structural damages. This highly efficient self‐healing elastomer can help extend the use of soft electronics outside of the laboratory and allow a wide variety of wet and submarine applications.     

Performance evaluation and implementation complexity analysis framework for ZF based linear massive MIMO detection

Wireless Networks - This paper discusses a framework for algorithm-architecture synergy for (1) performance evaluation and (2) FPGA implementation complexity analysis of linear massive MIMO...     

Analysis of Multi-Server Scheduling Paradigm for Service Guarantees during Network Mobility

Multi-server scheduling of traffic flows over heterogeneous wireless channels affix fresh concerns of inter-packet delay variations and associated problems of out-of-sequence reception, buffer management complexity, packet drops and re-ordering overhead. In this paper, we have presented an exclusive multi-server scheduling algorithm that is specifically tuned for mobile routers equipped with multiple wireless interfaces and has attained multiple care-of-address registrations with its home agent (HA). The proposed adaptive, Self-clocked, Multi-server (ASM) scheduling algorithm is based on predetermined transmission deadlines for each arrived packet at the mobile router. The mobile flows receive desired service levels in accordance with their negotiated service rates and are only constraint by the cumulative capacity of all active links. The major challenge lies in the handling of asymmetric channels to stitch into a unified virtual channel of higher capacity with reliable service guarantees during mobility. The sorted list of transmission schedules is used to assign physical channels in increasing order of their availability. This approach specifically encapsulates the physical layer disconnections during the handovers and ensures continuous service to ongoing flows. The proposed scheduling scheme is supplemented by an analytical model and simulations to verify its efficacy. The simulation results demonstrate higher degree of reliability and scalability of service provisioning to flows during mobility.     

New two-CFOA-based floating immittance simulators

This paper presents new topologies for emulating floating immittance functions using three to five passive elements and only two current-feedback operational-amplifiers (CFOAs). The feasibility of using only two CFOAs and two passive components is explored. The proposed topologies can emulate lossy positive and negative inductances and capacitance-, inductance-, resistance-multipliers, and frequency dependent negative and positive conductances. The functionality of the proposed circuits was experimentally verified using the commercially available AD844 CFOA. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations.     

Model-based design verification for embedded systems through SVOCL: an OCL extension for SystemVerilog

Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) is a renowned approach in the context of embedded systems development. It is frequently used to deal with the structural and behavioral aspects of system design. However, the verification of system design is generally performed in isolation. It is particularly true in the context of assertion based verification. Consequently, there is a huge gap between system design and its verification that seriously effects the productivity and time-to market objectives. Therefore, in this research, we target to reduce this gap by exploiting the features of MBSE and SystemVerilog assertions (SVA’s). This article introduces a novel MBSE approach to model the design verification aspects of embedded systems, along with the system design (structural and behavioral aspects). We propose SystemVerilog in Object Constraint Language (SVOCL), an OCL temporal extension for SystemVerilog, to represent the design verification requirements by means of SVA’s. As a part of research, SVOCL transformation engine has been developed to generate SVA’s code in order to automate the design verification of embedded systems. The application of SVOCL has been validated through four case studies.     

Compressive sensing based high-resolution passive bistatic radar

Passive bistatic radar (PBR) systems using different communication signals can only offer low-resolution target detection due to their inherent low bandwidth. In this paper, compressive sensing (CS) is applied to multichannel FM and GSM PBR to achieve improved range-Doppler resolutions and avoid some limitations of classical multiband PBR processing. In CS context, block-structured time-domain dictionary which is formed from multichannel signals suffers from coherence when fine range resolution is employed. To overcome such a pitfall, this work first transforms the dictionary to spectral domain where only the most important spectral components are retained. Principle component analysis followed by a whitening method are then applied to this spectrally transformed data in order to reduce the dimensionality of problem, thereby reducing the dictionary size and most importantly fulfilling the required condition of dictionary incoherence for better CS-based recovery. Two different block-structured dictionary formations are tested. The performance of the recovery of spatially close targets, in both FM and GSM PBR setups, are reported.     

Job search website for illiterate users of Pakistan

Illiteracy is a major hurdle in socio-economic development of Pakistan. Research in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can help in tackling this issue by developing solutions tailored for illiterate population. The work presented within this paper proposes a job search website for illiterate population of KPK province of Pakistan. The designed website does not require any human assistance while searching a job. Moreover, the website uses culturally relevant graphical and audio content. The usability of the website is tested according to the ISO-9241-11 specification. Furthermore, we have studied the effect of the participants’ characteristics, i.e., their age, computer and mobile usage experience on the usability of the website. The results show that the participants found the website usable. Specifically, they could search suitable jobs with a minimal number of clicks and in less time as compared to the usual task completion rates reported throughout the literature. None of the participants’ characteristics were found to be affecting the usability of the website. These results suggest a promising potential of ICT solutions for providing services to illiterate population of Pakistan.     

Composite Nanostructures of TiO2 and ZnO for Water Splitting Application: Atomic Layer Deposition Growth and Density Functional Theory Investigation

The commercialization of solar fuel devices requires the development of novel engineered photoelectrodes for water splitting applications which are based on redundant, cheap, and environmentally friendly materials. In the current study, a combination of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and zinc oxide (ZnO) onto nanotextured silicon is utilized for a composite electrode with the aim to overcome the individual shortcomings of the respective materials. The properties of conformal coverage of TiO₂ and ZnO layers are designed on the atomic scale by the atomic layer deposition technique. The resulting photoanode shows not only promising stability but also nine times higher photocurrents than an equivalent photoanode with a pure TiO₂ encapsulation onto the nanostructured silicon. Density functional theory calculations indicate that segregation of TiO₂ at the ZnO surfaces is favorable and leads to the stabilization of the ZnO layers in water environments. In conclusion, the novel designed composite material constitutes a promising base for a stable and effective photoanode for the water oxidation reaction.     

A noise constrained least mean fourth (NCLMF) adaptive algorithm

The learning speed of an adaptive algorithm can be improved by properly constraining the cost function of the adaptive algorithm. In this work, a noise-constrained least mean fourth (NCLMF) adaptive algorithm is proposed. The NCLMF algorithm is obtained by constraining the cost function of the standard LMF algorithm to the fourth-order moment of the additive noise. The NCLMF algorithm can be seen as a variable step-size LMF algorithm. The main aim of this work is to derive the NCLMF adaptive algorithm, analyze its convergence behavior, and assess its performance in different noise environments. Furthermore, the analysis of the proposed NCLMF algorithm is carried out using the concept of energy conservation. Finally, a number of simulation results are carried out to corroborate the theoretical findings, and as expected, improved performance is obtained through the use of this technique over the traditional LMF algorithm.