Activation of particulate guanylyl cyclase by Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin

Recently we reported that Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin, an exotoxin produced by V. vulnificus, dilates rat thoracic aorta via elevated cGMP levels without affecting nitric oxide synthase. We investigated the mechanism further by observing the guanylyl cyclase activities in cytosolic, membrane, unfractionated, or reconstituted preparations. Hemolysin did not activate guanylyl cyclase in the membrane or cytosolic fraction, while it activated guanylyl cyclase in unfractionated or reconstituted preparation. The increased activity was not inhibited by the HS-142-1, a microbial polysaccharide which antagonizes atrial natriuretic peptide receptor, or 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor. However, it was attenuated by 6-(phenylamino)-5,8-quinolinedione (LY 83.583), which inhibits the catalytic domain of both guanylyl cyclases, and by cholesterol, which blocks hemolysin-incorporation into the membrane. Removing ATP, a cofactor of particulate guanylyl cyclase, attenuated the activation and ATPgammaS, a non-phosphorylating analog, restored it. These results suggest that V. vulnificus hemolysin activates particulate guanylyl cyclase via hemolysin incorporation into the vascular smooth muscle cell membrane in cooperation with certain unidentified cytosolic component(s).     

Catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitor tolcapone has minor influence on performance in experimental memory models in rats

DNA-based immunization is a promising new technique for generating antibodies in laboratory animals for diagnostic purposes in biological science. The main advantages are the elimination of time and labor and the technically demanding steps of antigen purification. The DNA sequence of the protein of interest, cloned in a suitable in vivo expression vector that is administered intramuscularly or intradermally, is sufficient to induce an immune response in animals. We report the induction of antibodies to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) as a highly immunogenic structural protein and potato virus Y (PVY) P1 protein (P1) as a nonstructural protein. The appropriate nucleotide sequences were introduced in a mammalian expression vector (pSG5) and injected intramuscularly into New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). By 10 days post-injection (dpi) a specific immune response was detected against TMV-CP, while it took about 5 weeks for a response to PVY P1. In both cases the antibody titers were significantly above the corresponding pre-immune serum, however, they were considerably below the titer of the matching conventionally produced antiserum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DNA-based immunization in order to generate antibodies to plant viral proteins, but further improvements are necessary to increase antibody titers before this promising new technique can be introduced broadly in plant science for diagnostic purposes.     

高应变速率对690合金热变形及可挤性的影响

利用Gleelbe热模拟实验以及有限元分析了高应变速率对690合金热变形行为以及挤压可行性的影响,并根据实验和有限元结果进行挤压。结果表明：690合金的流变应力对应变速率均较敏感;大于10 s_-1 的高应变速率下,变形温升显著上升;再结晶晶粒尺寸在低应变速率下,随应变速率的升高而降低,高应变速率则随应变速率的增加而增大;挤压时,最大挤压力随着应变速率的上升先降低再升高;根据实验以及有限元计算结果,成功挤出了合格的690管材。     

热挤压工艺对690合金组织的影响及控制

利用Gleeble热压缩实验,构建了690合金的挤压工艺的再结晶图,探讨了完全动态再结晶的临界挤压工艺,将合金的热变形组织演变模型带入deform-2D有限元软件,并针对挤压中合金的组织演变过程对有限元软件进行了二次开发,进而模拟计算了挤压比、坯料温度以及挤压速率对690合金挤压管组织的影响规律,依据挤压机设备能力以及组织要求提出了挤压工艺的控制方法,并进一步根据有限元计算结果进行实际挤压验证。结果表明：挤压管的晶粒尺寸随着挤压比的增大呈现出先降低后增加的趋势;690合金挤压管的晶粒尺寸随坯料温度和挤压速度的降低而减小;当坯料温度在1200℃,挤压比为15.3,挤压速率200 mm/s时,挤压管的晶粒尺寸可以控制在62.7 μm以下;模拟计算结果与挤压管的相对误差仅为4.5%。     

基于数字体散斑法煤样内部三维应变场的测量

煤岩内部三维应力应变场的测量对冲击地压、气体吸附及煤与瓦斯突出的机理研究具有重要意义,但在实验室中很少有方法能够直接测量煤岩内部三维应力应变场。采用新近发展的数字体散斑法与微焦点工业CT相结合的方法分别测量了单轴压缩和CO2气体吸附过程中煤样内部的变形,由变形获得煤样内部的三维应变场。研究表明,煤样内部天然结构可以作为携带变形信息的散斑结构,用于变形测量。通过单轴压缩煤样内部等效应变及体积应变的可视化,直观地显示出试件内部应变局部化区域孕育发展的过程,煤样的变形破坏具有明显的应变局部化特征,应变局部化区域与煤样最终破坏断裂区域位置一致。利用DVSP法测得了煤样吸附CO2过程中的三维应变场,并与应变片测量结果进行了对比,两者具有较好的一致性。通过体积应变的分布图直观揭示出煤样在吸附气体过程中存在膨胀区与压缩区,由于非均质性造成内部变形不均匀。     

Estimation of variance components for somatic cell counts to determine thresholds for uninfected quarters

The objective of this study was to determine the factors affecting somatic cell count (SCC), to estimate variance components of these factors, and to calculate and evaluate the thresholds for intramammary infection based on SCC. The infection status from 22,467 quarter milk samples from 544 cows in seven herds was determined. Infections status was the most important factor affecting SCC. The increase in SCC was more pronounced for major pathogens than for minor pathogens. Even after adjustment for infection status, the interaction between stage of lactation and parity was significant. For culture-negative samples within a lactation, the shape of the SCC curve was inversely related to the shape of the milk production curve. The shape of the SCC curve was flat for first lactation cows compared with the shape of the SCC curve for cows in subsequent lactations. The effect of clinical mastitis on SCC was significant. The use of SCC thresholds for specific parities and stages of lactation to detect intramammary infection improved quality parameters only slightly over a fixed threshold of 200,000 cells/ml.     

农化服务是消除化肥认识误区的有效手段

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