Calculation of the integrated coefficients of absorption and transmission of solar radiation for semiconductor films

A Method is described for calculating the absorption and transmission of solar radiation by thin semiconductor films as a function of the thickness of the films. Computational results are presented.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 402–406, September, 1987.     

The effects of posture on forearm muscle loading during gripping

The purpose of this study was to quantify the response of the forearm musculature to combinations of wrist and forearm posture and grip force. Ten healthy individuals performed five relative handgrip efforts (5%, 50%, 70% and 100% of maximum, and 50 N) for combinations of three wrist postures (flexed, neutral and extended) and three forearm postures (pronated, neutral and supinated). 'Baseline' extensor muscle activity (associated with holding the dynamometer without exerting grip force) was greatest with the forearm pronated and the wrist extended, while flexor activity was largest in supination when the wrist was flexed. Extensor activity was generally larger than that of flexors during low to mid-range target force levels, and was always greater when the forearm was pronated. Flexor activation only exceeded the extensor activation at the 70% and 100% target force levels in some postures. A flexed wrist reduced maximum grip force by 40-50%, but EMG amplitude remained elevated. Women produced 60-65% of the grip strength of men, and required 5-10% more of both relative force and extensor activation to produce a 50 N grip. However, this appeared to be due to strength rather than gender. Forearm rotation affected grip force generation only when the wrist was flexed, with force decreasing from supination to pronation (p < 0.005). The levels of extensor activation observed, especially during baseline and low level grip exertions, suggest a possible contributing mechanism to the development of lateral forearm muscle pain in the workplace.     

Biometric research in the cytomorphological diagnosis of endometrial lesions

Morphometrical and optical density (including DNA content) parametres of nuclei of the endometrial epithelial cells in smears of endometrial aspirates obtained from 57 women without endometrial disorders with hyperplastic, precancer conditions and endometrial cancer have been measured by using television image analyzer IBAS-2. Biometrical data have demonstrated a good correlation with cytomorphological diagnostic criteria and in 85.7% they have facilitated discrimination of the normal and hyperplastic epithelium from precancer and high differentiated endometrial cancer.     

Structure-functional organization of bifidobacteria

Regularities in the development of bifidobacterial populations were studied at cellular and subcellular levels. The population development of Bifidobacterium adolescentis MC-42 and B. bifidum no. 1 was shown to be accompanied by morphological cell differentiation. A scheme of morphological transformations of bifidobacterial cells in the developmental cycle of populations is proposed. Multiplication occurs via reversion of transitory rod-shaped and coccoid forms into repeatedly budding and dichotomously branching multiseptate filaments, which, under certain conditions, fragment with the formation of differentiated reproductive forms. The morphological differentiation of bifidobacterial cells in the developmental cycle of populations correlates with changes in the cell ultrastructure. Physiologically active proliferating cells contain an intracyto-plasmic mesosomal complex, chains of polyribosomes connected with membrane structures, and abundant polyphosphate and polyglucoside inclusions. Bifidobacterial populations are highly organized mycelium-type structures, whose integrity is provided for by the cohesion of the cells. Intercellular contacts are accomplished via cell wall fusion, capsules, and cordlike and globular structures.     

Observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys.

Hypothesized that observational conditioning is involved in the origins of many human and nonhuman primates' fears and phobias. In Exp I, a new index of snake fear in 7 19–28 yr old wild-reared rhesus monkeys and 9 laboratory-reared offspring (aged 8 mo to 6 yrs) was tested. Results show the measure was useful and demonstrated that young Ss raised by parents who had a fear of snakes did not acquire the fear in the absence of any specific experience with snakes. In Exp II, using 5 of the wild-reared Ss and 6 of the laboratory-reared Ss from Exp I, 5 of 6 offspring acquired an intense and persistent fear of snakes as a result of observing their wild-reared parents behave fearfully in the presence of real, toy, or model snakes for a short period of time. The fear was not context specific and showed no significant signs of diminution at 3-mo follow-up. (49 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Removal of toxicants during direct and indirect reuse of wastewater evaluated by means of a mammalian cell culture technique

Removal of toxicants by direct and indirect reuse of wastewater was investigated. Cloning efficiency of a sensitive mammalian cell line culture was used as a measure of toxic activity. Buffalo green monkey cells were exposed to various representative water samples from direct and indirect reuse systems. Both systems proved to be highly effective in their removal of toxicants. The final drinking-water derived from both systems showed no or minimal toxic activity when tested by the cell culture system.