Power Supply at Metallurgical Iron-and-Steel Works: Features and Development Prospects

Metallurgist - The article provides a brief assessment of the current state of power supply units at metallurgical plants and prospects for their future development. The principal power-supply...     

Remelting of Iron Shavings with the Synergistic Effect of Minimum Metal Loss

Metallurgist - The well-known technologies of remelting iron shavings lead to significant (30%) losses of metal. An electroslag smelting furnace with graphite electrodes is proposed for remelting...     

Combustion in Ni–Al System with Cu Additive (Powder or Rod). Experiment and Mathematical Model

Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals - Experimental studies have been carried out with theoretical calculations of wave synthesis in the Ni–Al–Cu system using a mathematical model....     

Microdistortions,Hardness, and Young’s Modulus of Multicomponent Bcc Solid Solutions

Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics - The phase composition, type II microstresses, and coherent scattering domains (CSDs) of multicomponent (medium- and high-entropy) bcc solid solutions with an...     

The Influence of Hydrogen Concentration in an Ar–H2 Mixture on the Electrical Properties of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics - Fuel cells are today among the most efficient and environmentally friendly devices for the production of electricity. They are developing rapidly and are...     

Applications of dynamic programming in survey engineering

Recent research has shown that probabilistic and non-probabilistic dynamic programming techniques can be applied beneficially in the solution of optimal design and management problems in surveying. The survey design system is presented. A non-probabilistic dynamic programming solution of a second order, one dimensional optimal survey design problem is outlined and some applications of Bayesian dynamic programming to survey logistics and management problems are demonstrated. A useful 'technology transfer' technique is included to illustrate one method of introducing systems theory and operations research to survey engineering.     

LEARNING ABOUT COMPLEX SYSTEMS

Learning about complex systems is a fundamental engineering skill; it is often the first task of an engineer when faced with a complex problem in an unfamiliar context. The nature of learning is discussed. Contributions from cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, management and sociology are drawn together to show that fundamentally, system learning is a matter of forming well-constructed system or conceptual models. The skills needed for this are discussed.     

Understanding traditional residential architecture in Anatolia

Traditional architecture and associated environments created by residential buildings provide an important focus of interest in contemporary Turkey.1 1. The main thesis of this article is based upon my paper ‘Traditional Residential Architecture in Anatolia’, presented to a seminar on Conservation and Rehabilitation of Half-Timber Structures, Ankara: METU, 1989 and the doctoral thesis submitted to METU, Faculty of Architecture, Program of Restoration in 1994. The concepts have, however, been revised according to more recent surveys. They are generally accepted as physical witnesses of the past to be preserved and studied. Continuity in the traditional characteristics of the social group living in these environments has been observed in many of the extant settlements in Turkey. The reciprocal relationship between the dwelling and its owners, or users, has led to a dual definition of the ‘traditional dwelling unit’: the social unit being the ‘family’, the architectural unit the ‘dwelling’. The existing, modest-scaled, traditional dwellings in Turkey, which constitute the subject of this study, were mostly constructed after the seventeenth century, but more recent buildings exhibiting similar characteristics are also covered by the term ‘traditional’.2 2. The concepts of ‘tradition’, ‘culture’, ‘vernacular’, ‘historical’, ‘regional’, ‘pre-industrial’, ‘popular’ and ‘folk’ fall outside the limits of this study. The term ‘traditional’ has been used throughout the text; the term ‘Ottoman’ has not been adopted due to its attribution to the 1923 constitution of the Turkish Republic — it cannot, consequently, be used as reference to the continuation of tradition, which is one of the main ‘givens’ of this study. A term referring to a geographical distribution of archetype under investigation has been sought. There is an important building stock incorporating similar architectural characteristics within contemporary political boundaries of other countries, such as Iran, Bulgaria, Greece, etc., which had once formed part of the Ottoman Empire. ‘Turkey’ has not been preferred for its reference to the political boundaries of the Republican era for the same reason. Instead, another geographical term ‘Anatolia’ is considered in a widened context throughout the text to refer to a more generic concept than it implies geographically. Anatolia is considered to be the land of origin on which many cultures have emerged, generated and spread to the affected lands throughout history. Furthermore, the concentration of this study focuses specifically on extant dwellings in Anatolia. Within the confines of the term ‘traditional residential architecture in Anatolia’, there are further limitations. The origin of traditional residential architecture in Anatolia, its typological evolution, its social, cultural and/or historical aspects are not the major concerns of this study, which focuses on existing examples. A limitation of the period covered by this study accords with the construction dates of extant buildings from the seventeenth century onwards. This is an open-ended period because of the continuity in ‘traditional’ aspects in many of the settlements. The concept of ‘privacy’ serves as the basis of evaluation in analysing the interrelation of any two units. The interface of two units can be defined as an hierarchy of privacy represented sociologically by the interrelations of person/family/neighbourhood relationships and architecturally through the interrelations of room/dwelling unit/street/neighbourhood.3 3. This dwelling unit was the subject of the studio course ARCH 405 in 1989—1990, Autumn semester. The project was supervised by the author and Res.Asst. Ertu?rul Morçöl; the students were Önder Kaya, Ufuk Serin, Murat Aya?, Deniz Kutay and Gül Vanl?. This approach will include a brief summary of some previous studies of traditional residential architecture (Fig. 1).     

Lead and cadmium in teeth,bone and kidneys of rats with a standard Pb‐Cd supply

Male Wistar rats received a combination of 25 ppm PbCl₂ and 5 ppm CdCl₂ in drinking water at different developmental stages. Pb and Cd levels of incisors, molars, epiphyses, diaphyses and kidney cortex were recorded by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results confirmed that Pb has an affinity for hard tissue and especially to teeth, but it also accumulated in soft tissues under the above conditions. In addition, the results indicated none or only a moderate placental or mammary barrier for Pb, and suggested a high absorption of lead from the intestine of sucklings. The results also confirmed that kidney cortex is a primary target for Cd, and indicated that Cd has crossed the placental and mammary barriers to some degree. The positive significant correlation between Cd levels in molars and kidney cortex suggested that rodent molars indicate a degree of Cd absorption, whereas incisors do not. It is supposed that rodent molars are comparable to human deciduous teeth. It is thus confirmed that human deciduous teeth indicate previous lead exposure. It is further inferred that they also can be used as indicators of previous Cd‐exposures.