Sodium Chloride Treatment or Waterjet Slicing Effects on White Tissue Development of Carrot Sticks

Treatment of carrots with NaCl solution or slicing with a high pressure water jet stream was evaluated for reducing the amount of white tissue development on carrot stick surfaces. A 0.5 or 1.OM solution treatment resulted in less white tissue than treatment with lower concentrations of NaCl. However, the NaCl treatment caused a weight loss of 4–10% (not commercially acceptable). Water jet slicing resulted in striation of surface tissue and left loose layers of cells, as observed with the scanning electron microscope. These cells dehydrated rapidly and formed as much white tissue as on carrots sliced with a culinary knife.     

Joint lot-sizing and scheduling for multi-stage multi-product flow shops

Here we consider a multi-product flow shop under capacity constraints and develop an efficient heuristic procedure to determine joint lot sizes, production sequence and production schedule. We treat setup costs as fixed in the short run and thus independent of the number of setups. Loss of production capacity due to setup times is explicitly accounted for and the transfer of portions of a production lot between stages is permitted. The procedure is based on identifying the bottleneck workcentre and synchronizing production schedules at all other workcentres with the bottleneck workcentre such that product throughput requirements are met with minimal inventory costs. A compact procedure for constructing the Gantt charts is also presented. Conversion of the lot si2es and transfer batches into an information control system with kanbans is also presented.     

EFFECT OF CELL SIZE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SHEAR-COMPRESSION TEXTURE TEST CELL

Shear compression cells were manufactured to have dimensions 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25% that of the standard cell and used to test a range of foods. Maximum force and energy increased nonlinearly with increasing cell size and sample weight. The results demonstrate that cells of various sizes are practical for testing foods.
Friction in the cell is dependent on alignment of the cell components in the test machine. To obtain comparable readings the cell body must be oriented in the machine the same way for every test.     

Cholesterol Content of Chicken Skin

In order to resolve conflicting reports on the cholesterol concentration in chicken skin, we have assayed cholesterol in skin by gas-liquid chromatography. The mean content for six chickens was 71 mg/100g raw skin. Thus the suggestion that chicken skin is particularly high in cholesterol is probably not correct.     

Buffers and backup machines in automatic transfer lines

Buffer storage of the work-in-process inventory, decouples successive stages of automatic transfer production lines, assuring partial operability under machine failure. Certain special features such as secondary (standby) machines, special maintenance and diagnostic systems can lengtben the uptime or shorten the downtime of individual stages. When special features for K stages and spaces for M buffers are available, it is of great interest to system designers to know which stages should have the special features and where the buffer spaces should be inserted to maximize the line output rate. This paper addresses itself to such design problems. A bivariate dynamic programming procedure is developed which provides a layout for the buffers and an allocation of special features, maximizing the line output rate as defined by Buzacott (1967, 1968). The Buzacott formula is based on a heuristic argument which provides, in general, an upper bound on the true system output rate.     

Limonoid Debittering of Citrus Juice Sera By Immobilized Cells of Corynebacterium fascians

Corynebacterium fascians cells capable of metabolizing limonoids were prepared conveniently with inexpensive carbon sources such as fructose, galactose and citric acid. Cells thus obtained were immo-bilized in acrylamide gel and used in a biological debittering process previously developed. The process significantly reduced limonin and nomilin contents of citrus juice sera. It was particularly effective toward the reduction of nomilin. The debittering treatment did not have adverse effects on the composition of other citrus constituents such as citric, malic, ascorbic acids, fructose, glucose and sucrose.     

Fault detection in linear discrete dynamic systems by a reduced order generalized-likelihood-ratio method

The detectability by conventional step-hypothesized generalized-likelihood-ratio (SHGLR) method for detection of a parameter change (fault detection) in a linear discrete dynamic system is analysed and it is shown that a weakly-diagnosable-space (WDS) exists for dynamics and sensor faults. Based on the fault detectability, a reduced order SHGLR method is then developed which highly improves the detection rate and speed. In the same framework of the GLR method, another reduced order detection scheme is given, which makes the most use of the information about the input and the state of the system to raise the detectability for faults for the case where the step hypothesis cannot be applied effectively.     

A non-linear programming approach to the computer-aided design of regulators using a linear-quadratic formulation†

A design technique is proposed for linear regulators in which a feedback controller of fixed structure is chosen to minimize an integral quadratic objective function subject to the satisfaction of integral quadratic constraint functions. Application of a non-linear programming algorithm to this mathematically tractable formulation results in an efficient and useful computer-aided design tool. Particular attention is paid to computational efficiency and various recommendations are made. Two design examples illustrate the flexibility of the approach and highlight the special insight afforded to the designer.     

Gain and phase margins of multi-rate sampled-data feedback systems†

Characteristic gain loci of Kranc operators can be used to determine gain and phase margins of multi-rate sampled-data feedback systems.     

颜色空间的直观印象

尽管新技术让生活更美好,但新技术的复杂性也偶尔会使其在应用中遇到阻力。新技术的开发既要有创新又要直观,这对聪明的设计人员构成了挑战。在楼字技术和房间控制领域,