Spray evaporation of liquid foods

‘Spray evaporation’ based on the principle of adiabatic humidification was examined as an evaporation technique for the concentration of two types of representative liquid foods, namely, fruit juice and milk. The concentration of apple juice could be increased from 10.0 to 13.0 °Brix by this technique without application of heat utilizing the humidity potential to an extent of 89%. Employing heated process air during processing increased the amount of water evaporation owing to increased saturation humidity level, enabling higher concentrations to be achieved in apple juice (48 °Brix), reconstituted milk (29 °Brix) and single toned milk (22 °Brix). Feed flow rate had an inverse effect on the final concentration under otherwise similar conditions. Evaporative cooling associated with spray evaporation actually delivered the concentrate at a relatively lower temperature. By manipulating the operating conditions, humidity potential could be utilized to the extent of 55% with heated process air. The spray evaporation technique seemed to have a good potential for the concentration of liquid foods.     

An electrochemical method for measurement of mass transport in polymer membranes using acetaminophen as a model system

An electrochemical approach has been used to model and measure acetaminophen transport through a microporous polycarbonate membrane. The dynamic response of a membrane covered planar electrode system was investigated to derive a simplified middle point formula, the time at which amperometric current reaches half steady state value, that provided reliable solute diffusion coefficients. Experimental values may be noise-contaminated; when this noise is significant, the diffusion coefficient by this method needs to be refined. Here a direct simulation method with a bipartite mathematical expression for current transient was used, which fitted calculated current transients to experimental data. A best fit was reached by minimising the standard deviation between the simulated and experimental current profiles. Mathematically, the simulated curve was linear operated, i.e. shifted and stretched vertically, as well as shifted and stretched horizontally to coincide with the experimental curve. The single point formula, bipartite expression and simulation approach allowed extraction of accurate diffusion values from a previously reported approximated method. The computation approach is not only valid for membrane covered electrodes, but is suitable for other experimental set ups where a one-dimensional Fickian diffusion model is valid, for example, for axial diffusion through cylindrical geometries.     

Enhanced Detection of Glaucoma on Ensemble Convolutional Neural Network for Clinical Informatics

Irretrievable loss of vision is the predominant result of Glaucoma in the retina. Recently, multiple approaches have paid attention to the automatic detection of glaucoma on fundus images. Due to the interlace of blood vessels and the herculean task involved in glaucoma detection, the exactly affected site of the optic disc of whether small or big size cup, is deemed challenging. Spatially Based Ellipse Fitting Curve Model (SBEFCM) classification is suggested based on the Ensemble for a reliable diagnosis of Glaucoma in the Optic Cup (OC) and Optic Disc (OD) boundary correspondingly. This research deploys the Ensemble Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classification for classifying Glaucoma or Diabetes Retinopathy (DR). The detection of the boundary between the OC and the OD is performed by the SBEFCM, which is the latest weighted ellipse fitting model. The SBEFCM that enhances and widens the multi-ellipse fitting technique is proposed here. There is a pre-processing of input fundus image besides segmentation of blood vessels to avoid interlacing surrounding tissues and blood vessels. The ascertaining of OC and OD boundary, which characterized many output factors for glaucoma detection, has been developed by Ensemble CNN classification, which includes detecting sensitivity, specificity, precision, and Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve (AUC) values accurately by an innovative SBEFCM. In terms of contrast, the proposed Ensemble CNN significantly outperformed the current methods.     

Dynamics of Brownian motion and flux conditions on naturally unsteady thermophoretic flow with variable fluid properties

This work examines the boundary flow difficulties of the past and the heat transfer properties of Blasius and Sakiadis flows under prescribed concentration flux and prescribed heat flux. The nanofluid is also taken into account in this model, along with impacts from Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The modified system governing partial differential equations is numerically solved by using the R-K method along with the shooting technique. Various values of physical quantities like thermophoresis parameter, Brownian motion parameter, Eckert number, thermal radiation parameter, heat source parameter, and magnetic field parameter along with the $C_f,N{u}_x,\text{and}S{h}_x$ were calculated using the temperature, concentration, and velocity profiles. Finally, we demonstrated how the Brownian motion, radiation, and thermophoresis parameters can significantly increase the temperature distributions. The concentration distributions were decelerated with an increase in Brownian motion parameters for both Blasius and Sakiadis cases.     

Transient natural convective heat transfer and fluid flow in an undulated cavity: Effects of localized heat sources

The purpose of this research work is to investigate two-dimensional transient natural convective heat transfer and fluid flows in an undulated cavity by placing solid objects with isolated heated surfaces on the bottom wall. We discretize the coupled nonlinear transport equations using a higher-order compact finite-difference scheme. First, we test our scheme using existing experimental and numerical data. Then, we analyze the transient and steady-state natural convective flow phenomena for distributed heat sources on corrugations on the lower wall for a range of the Rayleigh number $\left(Ra=10^3-10^6\right)$ and Prandtl number $\left(Pr=0.71\right)$. These simulated outcomes are presented in the form of central-line velocity $\left(u,v\right)$, local $(N{u}_h^{*},N{u}_v^{*})$ and averaged $(\overline{N{u}_h^{*}},\overline{N{u}_v^{*}})$ Nusselt numbers, streamlines $\left(\psi \right)$, dispersion of isotherms $\left(T\right)$, and so forth. It is found that the transient fluid flow behavior is more magnificent than the steady-state solutions and shows the dominant behavior of the prominent primary cells over secondary cells, where it influences the heat transfer rates inside the entire enclosure. In steady states, at high Rayleigh numbers; convection dominates, formation of thermal boundary layers, compression of isotherms, and stratification of isotherms are significantly observed. Our results show many interesting flow phenomena that have not been analyzed previously.