Effects of wall material hardness on choice of wall materials for design of hoppers and silos for the discharge of hard bulk solids

This paper presents the results of a programme of experimental work designed to assess the industrial significance of plate hardness in hopper and silo construction upon the obtaining of reliable flow of hard bulk solids from the vessel. Previously, it has generally been thought that plate finish is the dominant effect in determining frictional characteristics, and no attention has been given to the effect of plate hardness. However this programme has shown that the effect of plate hardness can in practice be quite significant, to the extent that choosing increased plate hardness can reduce the steepness of the hopper wall needed for reliable discharge and hence the headroom requirement for the vessel.     

Response surface predictions of the viscoelastic properties of vapor‐grown carbon nanofiber/vinyl ester nanocomposites

A full factorial design of experiments and response surface methodology were used to investigate the effects of formulation, processing, and operating temperature on the viscoelastic properties of vapor‐grown carbon nanofiber (VGCNF)/vinyl ester (VE) nanocomposites. Factors included VGCNF type (pristine, oxidized), use of a dispersing agent (DA) (no, yes), mixing method (ultrasonication, high‐shear mixing, and a combination of both), VGCNF weight fraction (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 parts per hundred parts resin (phr)), and temperature (30, 60, 90, and 120°C). Response surface models (RSMs) for predicting storage and loss moduli were developed, which explicitly account for the effect of complex interactions between nanocomposite design factors and operating temperature on resultant composite properties; such influences would be impossible to assess using traditional single‐factor experiments. Nanocomposite storage moduli were maximized over the entire temperature range (～20% increase over neat VE) by using high‐shear mixing and oxidized VGCNFs with DA or equivalently by employing pristine VGCNFs without DA at ～0.40 phr of VGCNFs. Ultrasonication yielded the highest loss modulus at ～0.25 phr of VGCNFs. The RSMs developed in this investigation may be used to design VGCNF‐enhanced VE matrices with optimal storage and loss moduli for automotive structural applications. Moreover, a similar approach may be used to tailor the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of nanomaterials over a range of anticipated operating environments. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Morphology and Thermal Stability of Novolac Phenolic Resin/Clay Nanocomposites Prepared via Solution High‐Shear Mixing

Phenolic resin/clay composites were prepared by high‐shear mixing of clay suspended in CH₃OH solutions of Novolac resin and curing agent. Pure clay Cloisite Na⁺ and pillared clays Cloisite 10A, 30B, and Na⁺Cloisite that was pillared by 3‐hexadecyl‐1‐methylimidazolium bromide were studied. After CH₃OH evaporation, Novolac was cured at low temperatures. XRD showed that clay gallery d‐spacings decreased upon solvent evaporation and partial curing. Slight d‐spacing increases were sometimes observed from a partially cured stage to a further cured composite. Na⁺Cloisite gave the highest nanodispersion, Cloisites 10A and 30B the lowest. TGA revealed that Na⁺ clay or organoclay incorporation in partially cured and cured composites did not improve the thermal stability of Novolac.

     

中国和加拿大机械制图标准规范比较

文中对中国和加拿大在投影角度、图幅、线型、单位等机械制图标准的不同进行比较,有利于中加两国间机械制图的学习和交流。     

火焰调修工艺对转向架用钢SMA490BW性能的影响

采用火焰调修工艺对高速动车组转向架用钢SMA490BW材料进行了变形调修,并对不同加热温度后进行喷水冷却的材料组织和性能进行研究。结果表明:经火焰调修后,屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率都满足SMA490BW规定的要求,呈延性断裂特征,未改变材料断裂的特征属性。随着火焰加热温度的升高,材料的屈服强度、抗拉强度变化不大,断后伸长率有所降低。当火焰加热温度为750℃～850℃时,处于Ac1与Ac3的双相区,冷却后的组织为细化的铁素体、珠光体和少量粒状贝氏体以及少量的原始块状铁素体。当温度达到900℃时,加热温度超过Ac3,由于奥氏体快速冷却形成的贝氏体含量增加,导致材料冲击韧性降低。退火工艺对金相组织结构没有影响,但可以消除内应力,降低硬度,从而改善塑性和韧性。     

Molecular dynamics simulations of oxidized vapor-grown carbon nanofiber surface interactions with vinyl ester resin monomers

Surface oxidation effects on the liquid vinyl ester (VE) monomer distributions near two oxidized vapor-grown carbon nanofiber (VGCNF) surfaces were studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Two overlapping graphene sheets containing oxygenated functional groups represented the oxidized VGCNF surfaces. Two liquid VE bisphenol-A dimethacrylates (designated VE1 and VE2, respectively) and styrene constituted the resin. Temporally and spatially averaged relative monomer concentrations, calculated in a direction away from the oxidized graphene surfaces, showed increased styrene and VE1 concentrations. Monomer molar ratios found within a 10 Å thick region adjacent to the oxidized graphene sheets were substantially different from those in the bulk resin. Curing should result in the formation of a very thin interphase region of different composition. The crosslink structure of such an interphase will be distinct from that of an unoxidized VGCNF surface. The enhanced VE1 concentration near this oxidized surface should give a higher crosslink density, leading to a stiffer interphase than that adjacent to unoxidized VGCNF surfaces. VGCNF–matrix adhesion may also be modified by the different interphase monomer molar ratios. These studies may facilitate multiscale material design by providing insight into carbon nanofiber–matrix interactions leading to improved macroscale composite properties.     

Further studies on the tuned photoinitiators

Conclusions  Based on the results obtained from the present studies, the following conclusions can be drawn.

Laser ablation construction of on-column reagent addition devices for capillary electrophoresis

A simple and reproducible technique for constructing perfectly aligned gaps in fused-silica capillaries has been developed for postcolumn reagent addition with capillary electrophoresis. This technique uses laser ablation with the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (532 nm) at 13.5 mJ/pulse and a repetition rate of 15 Hz to create these gaps. A capillary is glued to a microscope slide and positioned at the focal point of a cylindrical lens using the focused beam from a laser pointer as a reference. Gaps of 14.0 +/- 2.2 microm (n = 33) at the bore of the capillary are produced with a success rate of 94% by ablation with 400 pulses. This simple method of gap construction requires no micromanipulation under a microscope, hydrofluoric acid etching, or use of column fittings. These structures have been used for reagent addition for postcolumn derivatization with laser-induced fluorescence detection and have been tested for the separation of proteins and amino acids. Detection limits of 6 x 10(-7) and 1 x 10(-8) M have been obtained for glycine and tranferrin, respectively. Separation efficiencies obtained using these gap reactors range from 38,000 to 213,000 theoretical plates.     

p21WAF1 induces permanent growth arrest and enhances differentiation, but does not alter apoptosis in PC12 cells

Art. 9 of the Polish Mental Health Act provides two forms of community-based social support--specialist social help services and community self-help houses for persons who, due a to serious mental illness or severe mental retardation, face considerable difficulties in their daily life, especially with respect to interpersonal relations, employment and welfare matters. The first form could only be implemented after coming into force of the suitable regulation of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of December 18, 1996 (Dz. U. z 1997 r., nr. 2, poz. 12). Hence, it may be understood that information on these services is exceptionally scarce. The author presents: a draft of legal evolution of the specialist services, from the vague idea of "community care" provided by psychiatric care facilities to the present regulation of community specialist social help services run by social help agencies in consultation with psychiatric facilities, main guidelines for staff to be observed in performing community specialist social help services (training in maintenance and development of basic skills necessary to independent living and others), the first promising experiences of a team rendering community specialist social help services in one of the communes in Warsaw.