The effects of training specific mnemonics on the metamnemonic efficiency of retarded children

On examination of the thumbs of 20 dissected preparations of ligaments and joints, of ten dry skeletons and of a number of living hands, apoposition (from apo = away from) was distinguished as a position in which the first carpometacarpal joint is fully abducted and laterally rotated and in which one or both distal joints of the thumb are flexed. Apoposition is commonly used in writing and it has a specific osteoligamentous basis for its stability: (1) a Y-shaped intermetacarpal ligament is attached by two crura to the base of the second metacarpal bone and by a common stem to the first metacarpal. Together with the palmar and dorsal oblique ligaments it becomes taut at abduction and establishes thereby a fixed center for the circumduction. Stability is enhanced as the circumduction takes place in the radial flat part of the joint away from the center; (2) of the two palmar prominences of the head of the first metacarpal bone the radial is the larger. At 25-30 degrees flexion in the metacarpophalangeal joint the prominence fits into an excavation on the base of the proximal phalanx in a manner which together with the ulnar collateral ligament locks the joint against mutual abduction and lateral rotation, and (3) the radial part of the trochlea of the interphalangeal joint is larger than the ulnar and secures, together with the ulnar collateral ligament, the joint against a radial luxation. Apoposition does not require activity of the thumb muscles; it is brought about by applying an external force to the ulnar side of the thumb and it is checked by ligaments and the shape of the joints.     

HLA antigens and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency in Sardinia

Wind enhances the carcinogenic effect of chronic Iltraviolet radiation (UVL). This was demonstrated in hairless mice that were irradiated for 42 weeks with mercury are lamps. One group of animals was exposed to continuous wind flow of 2.7 m/s except for the daily I-2 min time interval when they were removed from the wind tunnel and irradiated. Another group of animals received identical irradiation but were protected from wind. The first tumour appeared in the UVL and wind group after 105 days of irradiation, and at 164 days of irradiation all surviving mice in the group had developed tumours. The group of mice receiving identical irradiation but protected from wind had their first tumour appear at 154 days of irradiation, and by 164 days of irradiation only 40% of the mice had developed tumours.     

输电线路自适应无通道保护(一)故障分析与保护原理

在故障分析的基础上，提出了利用单端故障信息的输电线路全线速动保护原理和动作判据。保护原理由互为补充的两种动作模式－－延时动作模式和瞬时动作模式构成。延时模式利用线路对端开关动作信息加速本端保护动作；瞬时模式根据阻抗继电器Ⅱ段动作定值瞬时动作跳闸，再利用重合闸并根据开关动作后的信息纠正错误动作的结果。保护动作判据由4个独立的故障序分量的比值构成，仿真实验证实了所提保护原理和动作判据的正确性。     

Perception of solar UVB radiation by phytophagous insects: behavioral responses and ecosystem implications

Most of our present knowledge about the impacts of solar UVB radiation on terrestrial ecosystems comes from studies with plants. Recently, the effects of UVB on the growth and survival of consumer species have begun to receive attention, but very little is known about UVB impacts on animal behavior. Here we report that manipulations of the flux of solar UVB received by field-grown soybean crops had large and consistent effects on the density of the thrips (Caliothrips phaseoli, Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations that invaded the canopies, as well as on the amount of leaf damage caused by the insects. Solar UVB strongly reduced thrips herbivory. Thrips not only preferred leaves from plants that were not exposed to solar UVB over leaves from UVB-exposed plants in laboratory and field choice experiments, but they also appeared to directly sense and avoid exposure to solar UVB. Additional choice experiments showed that soybean leaf consumption by the late-season soybean worm Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was much less intense in leaves with even slight symptoms of an early thrips attack than in undamaged leaves. These experiments suggest that phytophagous insects can present direct and indirect behavioral responses to solar UVB. The indirect responses are mediated by changes in the plant host that are induced by UVB and, possibly, by other insects whose behavior is affected by UVB.