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121.
Nanofluids comprised of silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles suspended in a 60:40 (% by weight) ethylene glycol and water (EG/water) mixture were investigated for their heat transfer and fluid dynamic performance. First, the rheological properties of different volume percents of SiO2 nanofluids were investigated at varying temperatures. The effect of particle diameter (20 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm) on the viscosity of the fluid was investigated. Subsequent experiments were performed to investigate the convective heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in the turbulent regime by using the viscosity values measured. The experimental system was first tested with EG/water mixture to establish agreement with the Dittus-Boelter equation for Nusselt number and with Blasius equation for friction factor. The increase in heat transfer coefficient due to nanofluids for various volume concentrations has been presented. Pressure loss was observed to increase with nanoparticle volume concentration. It was observed that an increase in particle diameter increased the heat transfer coefficient. Typical percentage increases of heat transfer coefficient and pressure loss at fixed Reynolds number are presented. 相似文献
122.
Praveen Thokala 《工程优选》2013,45(3):271-286
Variable-complexity methods are applied to aerodynamic shape design problems with the objective of reducing the total computational cost of the optimization process. Two main strategies are employed: the use of different levels of fidelity in the analysis models (variable fidelity) and the use of different sets of design variables (variable parameterization). Variable-fidelity methods with three different types of corrections are implemented and applied to a set of two-dimensional airfoil optimization problems that use computational fluid dynamics for the analysis. Variable parameterization is also used to solve the same problems. Both strategies are shown to reduce the computational cost of the optimization. 相似文献
123.
Kalpesh B. Sidhpuria Parimal A. Parikh Pratap Bahadur Raksh Vir Jasra 《Journal of Porous Materials》2008,15(4):481-489
Isomorphously nickel-substituted nano-crystalline ZSM-5 is synthesized in the absence of acidic aqueous fluoride medium incorporating
simple and low-cost metal inorganic salt precursor NiCl2.6H2O instead of large organic cationic salt like bis (tetraethyl ammonium) tetrachloronickelate (II) with less water quantity
to minimize the synthesis waste. PXRD, FT-IR, TG/DTG, XPS, UV–Vis DRS, SEM, TEM, ICP and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques were used to confirm the presence of nano-crystalline material having a MFI structure and
heteroatom substitution. The unit cell dimensions increase with increasing levels of nickel substitution. The crystallite
size of as synthesized samples was in the range of 60–75 nm, which increased to 60–160 nm after calcination at 550°C. Percentage
crystallinity and crystallite size increases with increasing nickel substitution level up to 0.17 mol and beyond that the
material becomes amorphous. 相似文献
124.
Vishal Kumar Upendra Sharma Praveen K. Verma Neeraj Kumar Bikram Singh 《Advanced Synthesis \u0026amp; Catalysis》2012,354(5):870-878
Cobalt phthalocyanine has been employed for the highly chemoselective reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones in ethanol as a green solvent. A large range of functional groups such as nitro, acid, amide, ester, nitrile, halogen, lactone, methoxy, hydroxy, alkene, N‐benzyl, O‐benzyl and heterocyclic rings were well tolerated under the present reaction conditions. 相似文献
125.
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127.
Praveen Kumar Mehta Mércia de Sousa Galvão Alysson Caetano Soares Juliete Pedreira Nogueira Narendra Narain 《Food Analytical Methods》2018,11(3):733-749
The volatile compounds of jambolan (Syzygium cumini L.) fruit were determined at three different maturity stages (unripe, half-ripe, and ripe) by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique using five different fibers (Fused silica PDMS/DVB, DVB/CAR/PDMS, PEG, Stable flex PDMS/DVB, and PDMS). The optimal extraction conditions were evaluated using different variables such as adsorption temperature (minimum 25 °C, maximum 55 °C), salt quantity (minimum 0, maximum 30.0%), and extraction time (min 10, max 30 min). The major classes of compounds identified were ester, terpene, alcohol, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid. Ninety volatile compounds with characteristics aroma attributes were identified, and the primary compounds linked with development of characteristics aroma of ripe jambolan fruit pulp were trans-β-ocimene, β-ocimene, caryophyllene, humulene, D-α-pinene, L-β-pinene, β-pinene, D-limonene, α-terpineol, neo-allo-ocimene, 2-hexenal (E), δ-cadinene, 3-hexen-1-ol, (Z) β-linalool, terpinolene, eremophilene, valencene, 1-hexanol, longipinene, γ-terpinene, γ-muurolene, endo-borneol, o-cymene, nonanal, terpinen-4-ol, β-terpineol, α-muurolene, fenchol, α-fenchene, β-thujene, benzaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal, β-cadinene, and decanal. 相似文献
128.
129.
Liao KJ Tagaris E Manomaiphiboon K Napelenok SL Woo JH He S Amar P Russell AG 《Environmental science & technology》2007,41(24):8355-8361
Impact of climate change alone and in combination with currently planned emission control strategies are investigated to quantify effectiveness in decreasing regional ozone and PM2.5 over the continental U.S. using MM5, SMOKE, and CMAQ with DDM-3D. Sensitivities of ozone and PM2.5 formation to precursor emissions are found to change only slightly in response to climate change. In many cases, mass per ton sensitivities to NO(x) and SO2 controls are predicted to be greater in the future due to both the lower emissions as well as climate, suggesting that current control strategies based on reducing such emissions will continue to be effective in decreasing ground-level ozone and PM2.5 concentrations. SO2 emission controls are predicted to be most beneficial for decreasing summertime PM2.5 levels, whereas controls of NO(x) emissions are effective in winter. Spatial distributions of sensitivities are also found to be only slightly affected assuming no changes in land-use. Contributions of biogenic VOC emissions to PM2.5 formation are simulated to be more important in the future because of higher temperatures, higher biogenic emissions, and lower anthropogenic NO(x) and SO2 emissions. 相似文献
130.
Onion slices were dried under different processing conditions applying infrared radiation assisted by hot air. Drying temperature, slice thickness, inlet air temperature and air velocity were varied to study the drying behavior. Thin layer models such as Page, modified Page, Fick's and Exponential models, which are used to describe the drying kinetics of food materials, were tested for the combination mode drying. The linear plots for Page and modified Page models gave a better fit (R2=0.980-0.995) over the other two models (R2=0.767-0.933). A combined regression equation developed to predict the drying parameters (k and n) for all the four models gave a fairly good fit (R2=0.852-0.989). The modified Page model gave better predictions for drying characteristics over the other models. 相似文献