高强度高压绝缘子产品质量同其结构性能的重要关系(续)——制造者和用户应共同掌握的规则和指标(第二部分)

6　各种电瓷结构分析实例证实结构的差别下面介绍各种电瓷结构分析的结果。从扫描电镜照片 (ＲＥＭ)的判读中可见到这些材料的差别。试样ａ:日本瓷绝缘子Ｃ1 1 0 /1 1 2 ,制造年代 1 997试样ｂ :西门子瓷绝缘子Ｃ1 2 0 ,Ｃ1 3 0 ,制造年代 2 0 0 1试样ｃ:高强度矾土瓷绝缘子 ,西门子 2 0 0 1开发陶瓷岩相试样的制备系经多级金刚石研磨和抛光以及化学浸蚀。为判定气孔状态 ,对磨片作了透光照片 ,在其光亮区放大倍数为 1 0 0∶1 ,而且扫描电镜照片放大倍数为2 0 0∶1。图 5ａ　试样ａ光片的ＬＭ(透光显微镜 )和ＲＥＭ(扫描电镜 )图象 ,放大倍…     

Potential synthetic lubricants: Diol ester of C18-saturated cyclic acids

Monoalkyl esters of linseed-oil-derived C₁₈-saturated cyclic acids (HCal), described in earlier work, showed promise as lubricant base stocks for turbine aircraft as set forth in the military specification MIL-L-7808E. These esters, however, did not exhibit the increased oxidative stability and higher viscosity required by the more recent specification MIL-L-23699. Six diol esters of HCal have now been prepared. Both hindered and unhindered dihydric alcohols were used, including ethylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,4-benzenedimethanol, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol (I). The viscosities of these esters at 210F ranged from 10.1 to 19.6 centistokes and the pour points, from −35 to −62F. Oxidative stabilities at 400F were determined with 0.5% each of phenyl-a-napthylamine (PANA) andp,p’-dioctyldiphenylamine as inhibitors. The esters of the unhindered diols had poor stability, whereas esters of the hindered diols, in particular I, exhibited excellent resistance to the formation of acidic decomposition products and sludge. Although the HCal ester of I by itself is too viscous to meet specification MIL-L-23699, its ASTM slope (0.650) is excellent. Blends of this material with less viscous hindered esters, commercially available, may find application as lubricants for high-performance turbine engines used in various aircraft. Presented at the AOCS Meeting in Los Angeles, 1966. No. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Some theorems of the eddy-current theory

Contents In the paper, theorems for the electric vector potentialT and magnetic scalar potentialU are discussed, which occur in the boundary-value problems for eddy currents induced in a conducting block by an external magnetic field. Uniqueness of the solution is examined. An integral representation of the scalar potentialU is derived for a nonmagnetic conductor. It is shown that for a thin metallic shell the integrodifferential equation results from general formulas related to the block.

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Einige Theoreme der Wirbelstromtheorie

Übersicht In der Arbeit werden drei Theoreme für das elektrische VektorpotentialT und das magnetische SkalarpotentialU beschrieben, die in den Randwertaufgaben für in einem metallischen Block durch das äußere magnetische Feld induzierte Wirbelströme auftreten. Es wird bewiesen, daß eine solche Randwertaufgabe eine eindeutige Lösung hat, wenn das Vektorpotential auf dem Rand gleich Null ist. Eine Integralrepräsentation des Skalarpotentials wird abgeleitet. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Integrodifferentialgleichung für eine dünne metallische Hülle aus allgemeinen, den Block betreffenden Formeln hervorgeht.

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List of principal symbols e coordinate unit vector - H magnetic intensity - J current density - T electric vector potential - U magnetic scalar potential - permeability - conductivity - V boundary of regionV     

A robust kinematic hardening rule for cyclic plasticity with ratchetting effects

Summary A robust kinematic hardening rule is proposed which appropriately blends the deviatoric stress rate rule and the Tseng-Lee rule in order to satisfy both the experimental observations made by Phillips et al. [1]–[5] and the nesting of the yield surface to the limit surface. The work presented in Part I is confined to the theoretical formulation of kinematic hardening rule with limited correlation to experimental results. A more general expression for the plastic modulus is proposed. The expressions proposed by McDowell and by Dafalias can be obtained as a special case of the proposed expression. An additional parameter is introduced that reflects the dependence of the plastic modulus on the angle between the deviatoric stress rate tensor and the direction of the limit backstress relative to the yield backstress.     

Korrosion von ölgefeuerten Zentralheizungskesseln

Corrosion of oil-fired domestic boilers Depending on the surface temperature of the flue gas side the corrosion of oil fired domestic boilers proceeds either mainly by acid corrosion or by oxygen corrosion:

• – At surface temperatures of 60°C and higher the corrosion mechanism of acid corrosion prevails and the corrosion rates amount to 0.1–0.3 mm/year (values referred to continuous burner operation). The corrosion products consist of soluble iron(II)- and iron(III)sulfates. Higher corrosion rates can be attributed to an appreciable catalytic formation of sulfur trioxide on the corrosion products formed on the convective heating surfaces.
• – At surface temperatures of 40°C the mechanism of oxygen corrosion already dominates and the corrosion rates are about ten times higher (1.5–3 mm/year, referred to continous burner operation). The high portion of ioron oxide hydrates, especially goethit (α-FeOOH), makes the corrosion products difficult to remove.
• – Distinctly reduced service lives are also expected for the so called reduced temperature boilers (“Niedertemperaturkessel”) and low temperature boiers (“Tieftemperaturkessel”): According to the manufacturers these boilers may be operated at boiler water temperatures well below 60°C, as they are equipped with constructive measures to enhance the surface temperature on the flue gas side. However, these measures are only fully effective under stationary conditions.

Some of the results were obtained from weight loss measurements on test specimen made from St 35.8 and gray cast iron, that were exposed to the flue gases of an oil fired experimental boiler. Other important results come from field measurements of the sulfuric acid content of about 30 boilers that are in practical use.     

A prototype scanning stylus profilometer for rapid measurement of small surface areas

A novel stylus based profiling instrument has been developed for rapid measurement of small surface areas. Outlined in the following paper are some of the key features of the prototype system including the wideband stylus pick-up and the dedicated scanning traverse mechanism. In addition, some preliminary results obtained by scanning the instrument over several different surfaces are presented.     

Computing presentations for subgroups of polycyclic groups and of context-free groups

Algorithms for solving uniform decision problems for algebraic structures crucially depend on the chosen finite presentations for the structures under consideration. Rewriting techniques have been used very successfully to solve uniform decision problems, when the presentations considered involve finite, noetherian, and ()-confluent rewriting systems. Whenever the class of algebraic structures considered is closed under the operation of taking finitely generated substructures, then the algorithms for solving the uniform decision problems can be applied to the substructures as well. However, since these algorithms depend on the form of the presentations, this involves the task of constructing a presentation of a certain form for a substructure given a presentation of this form for the structure itself and a finite set of generating elements for the substructure.This problem, which has received a lot of attention in algebra, is here investigated from an algorithmic point of view. The structures considered are the following two classes of groups, which have been studied extensively before: the polycyclic groups and the context-free groups.Finitely generated context-free groups can be presented by finite, monadic, and -confluent string-rewriting systems. Due to their nice algorithmic properties these systems provide a way to effectively solve many decision problems for context-free groups. Since finitely generated subgroups of context-free groups are again contextfree, they can be presented in the same way. Here we describe a process that, from a finite, monadic, and -confluent string-rewriting system presenting a context-free groupG and a finite subsetU ofG, determines a presentation of this form for the subgroup U ofG that is generated byU. For finitely presented polycyclic groups we obtain an analogous result, when we use finite confluent PCP2-presentations to describe these groups.This work was performed while this author was visiting at the Fachbereich Informatik, Universität Kaiserslautern, during his sabbatical 1991/92     

On finite dynamic equations for fluid-saturated porous media

Summary The paper concerns the relations between two principally different approaches to the formulation of momentum balance equations in porous media theories, namely, the dynamic approach similar to Biot's theory and the modern approach as a result of mixture theories extended by the concept of volume fractions. In particular, it is shown that both approaches necessarily lead to the same type of momentum balance equations and furthermore contain, in a certain sense, within the geometrically linear case, the well-known classical equations of Biot's theory.