Combined RLS-LMS initialization for per tone equalizers in DMT-receivers

In discrete multitone receivers, the classical equalizer structure consists of a (real) time domain equalizer (TEQ) combined with complex one-tap frequency domain equalizers. An alternative receiver is based on a per tone equalization (PTEQ), which optimizes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on each tone separately and, hence, the total bitrate. In this paper, a new initialization scheme for the PTEQ is introduced, based on a combination of least mean squares (LMS) and recursive least squares (RLS) adaptive filtering. It is shown that the proposed method has only slightly slower convergence than full square-root RLS (SR-RLS) while complexity as well as memory cost are reduced considerably. Hence, in terms of complexity and convergence speed, the proposed algorithm is in between LMS and RLS.     

NEXUS — Resilient Intelligent Middleware

Service-oriented computing is the latest software paradigm brought about by the computing revolution. The different viewpoint and granularity of software components used in technologies based on the service-oriented architecture paradigm, compared to traditional object-oriented methodologies makes them better suited to many of the efforts that are being made in the pervasive and ubiquitous computing world. In the NEXUS project we are seeking ways of fusing the SOA and pervasive computing paradigms in order to build intelligent, robust and resilient networks connecting dynamic islands of service resources.     

Geometric derivation of expectation-maximization and generalized successive interference cancellation algorithms with applications to CDMA channel estimation

The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is well established as a computationally efficient method for separable signal parameter estimation. Here, a new geometric derivation and interpretation of the EM algorithm is given that facilitates the understanding of EM convergence properties. Geometric considerations lead to an alternative separable signal parameter estimator based on successive cancellation. The new generalized successive interference cancellation (GSIC) algorithm is then applied to multiuser delay and channel estimation for code-division multiple access (CDMA) radiolocation and communication. The radiolocation application uses a handshaking protocol in which multiple reference nodes transmit acknowledge (ACK) CDMA packets to a master node, which then computes round-trip travel times (RTTs). Simulation results comparing EM and GSIC are presented for the CDMA channel-estimation problem.     

Physico-chemical characterization of hybrid polymers obtained by 2-hydroxyethyl(methacrylate) and alkoxides of zirconium

Hybrid monolithic materials were prepared through polymerisation of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) mixed with zirconium alkoxides (Zr(OBuⁿ)₄, Zr(OPrⁿ)₄ and Zr(OEt)₄), modified by acetylacetonate groups. The molar ratio HEMA/Zr varied between 1 and 4. Thermo-Gravimetry coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (TG-MS) analyses, ¹³C MAS NMR and Dynamical Mechanical Thermal Analysys (DMTA) indicated the polymeric chains were interconnected by the inorganic component.The presence of zirconium alkoxides modified substantially the poly-HEMA properties. Glass transition temperature of hybrid materials derived from butoxy and propoxy was found in the range 50-80 °C, depending on the composition. The typical swelling of p-HEMA in the water, was suppressed by the presence of zirconium compounds. After immersion in distilled water, hybrid polymers showed an initial slight weight increase, followed by a small mass loss, which increases proportionally to the length of alkoxyl group (ethoxide(propoxide(butoxide) and reaches a constant value after about 40 days. The hybrids remained always rigid and transparent. Flexural modulus and strength of about 400-900 and 4-8 MPa were measured.     

Solutions to a combined problem of excessive hydrogen sulfide in biogas and struvite scaling.

The Woodman Point Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Western Australia has experienced two separate problems causing avoidable maintenance costs: the build-up of massive struvite (MgNH4PO4. 6H2O) scaling downstream of the anaerobic digester and the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels in the digester gas to levels that compromised gas engine operation and caused high operating costs on the gas scrubber. As both problems hang together with a chemical imbalance in the anaerobic digester, we decided to investigate whether both problems could be (feasibly and economically) addressed by a common solution (such as dosing of iron solutions to precipitate both sulfide and phosphate), or by using separate approaches. Laboratory results showed that, the hydrogen sulfide emission in digesters could be effectively and economically controlled by the addition of iron dosing. Slightly higher than the theoretical value of 1.5 mol of FeCl3 was required to precipitate 1 mol of dissolved sulfide inside the digester. Due to the high concentration of PO4(3-) in the digested sludge liquor, significantly higher iron is required for struvite precipitation. Iron dosing did not appear an economic solution for struvite control via iron phosphate formation. By taking advantage of the natural tendency of struvite formation in the digester liquid, it is possible to reduce the risk of struvite precipitation in and around the sludge-dewatering centrifuge by increasing the pH to precipitate struvite out before passing through the centrifuge. However, as the Mg2+/PO4(3-) molar ratio in digested sludge was low, by increasing the pH alone (using NaOH) the precipitation of PO4(3-) was limited by the amount of cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) available in the sludge. Although this would reduce struvite precipitation in the centrifuge, it could not significantly reduce PO4(3-) recycling back to the plant. For long-term operation, maximum PO4(3-) reduction should be the ultimate aim to minimise PO4(3-) accumulation in the plant. Magnesium hydroxide liquid (MHL) was found to be the most cost-effective chemical to achieve this goal. It enhanced struvite precipitation from both, digested sludge and centrate to the point where more than 95% PO4(3-) reduction in the digested sludge was achieved.     

Joint scheduling and power control supporting multicasting in wireless ad hoc networks

This paper addresses the problem of power control in a multihop wireless network supporting multicast traffic. We face the problem of forwarding packet traffic to multicast group members while meeting constraints on the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the intended receivers. First, we present a distributed algorithm which, given the set of multicast senders and their corresponding receivers, provides an optimal solution when it exists, which minimizes the total transmit power. When no optimal solution can be found for the given set of multicast senders and receivers, we introduce a distributed, joint scheduling and power control algorithm which eliminates the weak connections and tries to maximize the number of successful multicast transmissions. The algorithm allows the other senders to solve the power control problem and minimize the total transmit power. We show that our distributed algorithm converges to the optimal solution when it exists, and performs close to centralized, heuristic algorithms that have been proposed to address the joint scheduling and power control problem.     

Petroleum naphthenomono-and naphthenobiarenes

The hydrocarbon-group composition and distribution of naphthenoaromatic hydrocarbons of West Siberian oils were studied by the technique of mass spectrometry. Naphthenoaromatic hydrocarbons of the general formula C_nH_2n?z , where z is 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18, containing from one to six saturated cycles are present in oils in significant concentrations. Naphthenomonoarenes with one saturated cycle dominate in all oils. An increase in the amount of compounds containing 3–6 saturated cycles in their molecule with the occurrence depth was noted. Naphthenobiarenes of the general formula C_nH_2n?z , where z is 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, or 24 containing from one to six saturated cycles are present in oils in concentrations from 20.0 to 54.0 wt % of the biaromatic fraction. Most oils are characterized by the prevalence of structures with one and two saturated cycles in their molecule. The dependence of the number of cycles in naphthenobiarenes on the nature of original organic matter (OM) was not traced. The lack of correlation between the number of cycles and the OM type is presumably due to the fact that, for the most part, fused polycyclic naphthenobiarenes reflect the degree of catagenetic alteration of organic matter.     

Modification of ASM3 for the determination of biomass adsorption/storage capacity in bulking sludge control.

The selector activated sludge (SAS) systems are known to prevent excessive growth of filamentous microorganisms responsible for bulking sludge, but these systems were hardly ever modelled. This study aimed to develop a model capable of predicting rapid substrate removal in the SAS systems. For this purpose, the Activated Sludge Model No. 3 (ASM3) was extended with three processes (adsorption, direct growth on the adsorbed substrate under aerobic or anoxic conditions). The modified ASM3 was tested against the results of batch experiments with the biomass originating from two full-scale SAS systems in Germany. The endogenous biomass was mixed with various readily biodegradable substrates (acetate, peptone, glucose and wastewater) and the utilisation of substrate (expresses as COD) and oxygen uptake rates (OURs) were measured during the experiments. In general, model predictions fitted to the experimental data, but a considerable number of kinetic (5) and stoichiometric (2) parameters needed to be adjusted during model calibration. The simulation results revealed that storage was generally a dominating process compared to direct growth in terms of the adsorbed substrate utilisation. The contribution of storage ranged from 65-71% (Plant A) and 69-92% (Plant B).     

Low-temperature post-treatment of anaerobically treated-sewage in anaerobic filter with cationic-polymer addition.

The post-treatment of domestic sewage pretreated in a 6 m3 UASB was investigated in two high-rate anaerobic filter (AF) reactors operated in parallel. The difference between the two AF reactors was only the addition of cationic polymer to the second reactor (AF + P). The reactors were operated at low temperatures, ranged between 13 and 20 degrees C. The media in each AF reactor consisted of vertical sheets of reticulated-polyurethane foam (RPF) with knobs. The results demonstrated that the AF + P reactor (HRT = 3 h) with cationic polymer addition (2 mg/L) was an efficient system for post-treatment. The removal efficiencies for total, suspended, colloidal and dissolved COD were, respectively, 41, 86 and 76 and 12% in the AF + P reactor and they were, respectively, 80, 97, 77 and 66% in the UASB + (AF + P) system. The removal of total, suspended and colloidal COD in the UASB + (AF + P) system were significantly higher than those achieved in the UASB + AF system. As hardly any nutrient was removed in the UASB + (AF + P) system, the effluent after pathogen removal is a valuable product for irrigation and fertilisation to close the water and nutrients cycle.