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81.
Ebinghaus R Kock HH Temme C Einax JW Lowe AG Richter A Burrows JP Schroeder WH 《Environmental science & technology》2002,36(6):1238-1244
Unlike other heavy metals that are inherently associated with atmospheric aerosols, mercury in ambient air exists predominantly in the gaseous elemental form. Because of its prolonged atmospheric residence time, elemental mercury vapor is distributed on a global scale. Recently, Canadian researchers have discovered that total gaseous mercury levels in the lower tropospheric boundary layer in the Canadian Arctic are often significantly depleted during the months after polar sunrise. A possible explanation may involve oxidation of elemental mercury, followed by adsorption and deposition of the oxidized form, leading to an increased input of atmospheric mercury into the Arctic ecosystem. Here we present the first continuous high-time-resolution measurements of total gaseous mercury in the Antarctic covering a 12-month period between January 2000 and January 2001 at the German Antarctic research station Neumayer (70 degrees 39' S, 8 degrees 15' W). We report that mercury depletion events also occur in the Antarctic after polar sunrise and compare our measurements with a data setfrom Alert, Nunavut, Canada. We also present indications that BrO radicals and ozone play a key role in the boundary-layer chemistry during springtime mercury depletion events in the Antarctic troposphere. 相似文献
82.
Sebastian Fischer Harald Beyer Ralf Janke Stefan Hartwig Jürgen Wilde 《Microsystem Technologies》2006,12(10-11):1005-1009
Due to the piezoresistive and the piezo-Hall effect in semiconductor materials, Hall sensors show a strong temperature dependency and also a drift when subjected to temperature cycles Manic et al. (2000). Four factors mainly influence the mechanical stress in the sensitive layer. These are the geometry of the device, the differences of the coefficients of thermal expansion of the package materials, the temperature-dependent material properties and the time-dependent, viscous material properties. The objective of this investigation was to determine the mechanical stress in a moulded Hall sensor during the packaging process by finite-element simulation in comparison to experimental methods. It is shown that after each process-step the mechanical stress in the sensitive layer changes over time depending on the absolute value and the rate of the temperature change. Measurements of the inverse bending radius of glued and moulded chips show good agreement to the simulations. 相似文献
83.
Dipl. Wirt.-Inform. Ralf Knackstedt Christian Brelage RA Master of Arts Noogie C. Kaufmann 《WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK》2006,48(1):27-35
A broad variety of juridical requirements has to be considered during the development of Web-applications. Disregard of these requirements holds severe financial dangers. A complete compilation of juridical requirements is complicated due to the multitude of juridical areas and the variety of Web-applications. Therefore, a development-driven juridical framework is suggested. From a software engineering point of view it is crucial to capture requirements at an early stage of development in order to avoid much higher costs at a later time. Thus, specialized conceptual modelling methods are examined with regard to their capability to model juridical requirements. A lack of methodical support is identified which is addressed by a systematic adaption and extension of the eW3DT method. 相似文献
84.
In this paper, we develop the notion of fuzzy unification and incorporate it into a novel fuzzy argumentation framework for extended logic programming. We make the following contributions: The argumentation framework is defined by a declarative bottom-up fixpoint semantics and an equivalent goal-directed top-down proofprocedure for extended logic programming. Our framework allows one to represent positive and explicitly negative knowledge, as well as uncertainty. Both concepts are used in agent communication languages such as KQML and FIPA ACL. One source of uncertainty in open systems stems from mismatches in parameter and predicate names and missing parameters. To this end, we conservatively extend classical unification and develop fuzzy unification based on normalised edit distance over trees. 相似文献
85.
86.
Electrochemical and material-physical investigations of laser melted iron materials The surfaces of pure iron, St 38 and KT 45 samples were melted by a CO2-cw laser. Electrochemical and material-physical properties of the generated surface layers were investigated. There exist significant differences between untreated and laser melted samples, whose possible causes are discussed. 相似文献
87.
88.
A suite of FORTRAN subroutines/functions to generate data using empirical formulas for physical sputtering of mono-atomic targets for any elemental incident ion (atom), chemical erosion of graphite, Radiation Enhanced Sublimation (RES) of graphite, the number and energy backscattering coefficients for any elemental incident ion (atom) on a compound target and thermal evaporation of graphite is presented. Since chemical erosion, RES and thermal evaporation depend on the surface temperature of graphite, a subroutine implementing the 1-D heat diffusion equation to determine the temperature of any plasma-facing graphite surface is implemented. As an example to illustrate the use of these subroutines/functions, a simple model for the erosion of a plasma-facing surface, consisting of a simple collisionless sheath model, a 1-dimensional steady state heat diffusion model and 0-dimensional steady state particle balance at the target is developed and a sample listing of the program is presented.
Program summary
Title of program: Plasma Surface Interaction Codes (PSIC)Catalog identifier: ADTRProgram summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADTRProgram obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. IrelandComputers for which the program has been designed for and others on which it has been tested: Program is designed for any computer with a FORTRAN-77 compiler. It has been tested on a Linux PC with g77, Absoft f77, f90, f95, Fujitsu f95, Lahey f95Operating systems under which the program has been tested: Linux, UNIXProgramming language used: FORTRAN-77Memory required to execute with typical data: Negligible (executable is 178 861 bytes; add to it the memory used by the Fortran library linked to)No. of bits in a word: 16No. of processors used: 1Has the code been vectorized or parallelized?: NoNo. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 11 619No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 1015Distribution format: tar gzip fileNature of physical problems: 0-D plasma surface interaction model used to demonstrate calls to subroutines for physical sputtering yield, chemical erosion yield of graphite, RES of graphite, backscattering coefficients, thermal evaporation of graphite and 1-D heat diffusion in graphite.Method of solution: Semi-empirical formulas are used for the PSIs and analytical formulas are used for thermal evaporation and 1-D heat diffusion in graphite.Restrictions on the complexity of the problem: All the PSIs (except for the backscattering coefficients) are valid only for a monoatomic target. The heat diffusion solution is not valid for non-uniform plasmas and for targets for which the heat diffusion is not isotropic.Typical running time: Example program takes much less than 0.01 secondUniversal features of the program: None 相似文献89.
Sediment samples of the Teltow Canal (Berlin, Germany) were analyzed with respect to extractable and nonextractable organic compounds. The study focused on the identification and quantitation of bound 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichlorethane (DDT) residues in order to obtain further information about the fate of DDT-derived compounds within the particulate matter of the aquatic environment. Various chemical degradation techniques and a complementary online pyrolysis-GC/MS method were applied to the pre-extracted sediment residues. Generally, the distribution of the bound DDT-related compounds was found to differ distinctly from the substances distribution within the extractable fraction. The main metabolite of the anaerobic degradation pathway (2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichlorethane, DDD) is most abundant in the sediment extracts but occurred only in insignificant concentrations in the degradation products of all procedures applied. The most abundant DDT-metabolites released after the degradation procedures were 4,4'-DBP, 4,4'-DDA, and 4,4'-DDM. In addition, 4,4'-DDM was detected at rather high concentrations by pyrolytic analysis. The results imply a weak association to the nonextractable particulate matter based on noncovalent interactions for the observed DDT-related contaminants. The release of these compounds was initiated by the modification and degradation of the organic macromolecular matrix as well as of the inorganic material. Furthermore, numerous methoxychlor-related compounds were detected not only in the extracts but also in parts of the hydrolysis products. 相似文献
90.
High-pressure synthesis is a powerful method for the preparation of novel materials with high elastic moduli and hardness. Additionally, such materials may exhibit interesting thermal, optoelectronic, semiconductuing, magnetic or superconducting properties. Here, we report on the high-pressure synthesis of zirconium and hafnium nitrides with the stoichiometry M3N4, where M = Zr, Hf. Synthesis experiments were performed in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell at pressures up to 18 GPa and temperatures up to 3,000 K. We observed formation of cubic Zr3N4 and Hf3N4 (c-M3N4) with a Th3P4-structure, where M-cations are eightfold coordinated by N anions. The c-M3N4 phases are the first binary nitrides with such a high coordination number. Both compounds exhibit high bulk moduli around 250 GPa, which indicates high hardness. Moreover, the new nitrides, c-Zr3N4 and c-Hf3N4, may be the first members of a larger group of transition metal and/or lanthanide nitrides with interesting ferromagnetic or superconducting behaviour. 相似文献