A novel algorithm to study the impact of the mismatch on analog building blocks: a case study in basic 35 nm CMOS amplifiers

In this paper, the context of modeling of the impact of mismatch and statistical variations on analogue circuit building blocks is emphasized. The aim is to develop a new algorithm which predicts the statistical behavior of important parameters of an amplifier including output resistance, voltage gain and trans-conductance. The relative error of standard deviation of statistical parameters will remain less than 5% compared with the most accurate Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations using atomistic library model-cards. In comparison with other models which are based on the normal distribution of parameters, the proposed model does not need this limiting presumption. On the other hand, the proposed algorithm is more efficient compared with time consuming MC atomistic simulations.     

Improving the Reliability of Software-Defined Networks with Distributed Controllers Through Leader Election Algorithm and Colored Petri-Net

Wireless Personal Communications - Software-Defined Networks (SDNs) are developed to compensate the complicated function of the controlling parts of the given network elements and making the...     

Correction to: Cloud-based vehicular networks: a taxonomy,survey, and conceptual hybrid architecture

Wireless Networks - The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in the title. The correct title has been published with this erratum.     

Enhanced oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs by spontaneous imbibition of low salinity water

An experimental study was performed to investigate the impact of low salinity water on wettability alteration in carbonate core samples from southern Iranian reservoirs by spontaneous imbibition. In this paper, the effect of temperature, salinity, permeability and connate water were investigated by comparing the produced hydrocarbon curves. Contact angle measurements were taken to confirm the alteration of surface wettability of porous media. Oil recovery was enhanced by increasing the dilution ratio of sea water, and there existed an optimum dilution ratio at which the highest oil recovery was achieved. In addition, temperature had a very significant impact on oil recovery from carbonate rocks. Furthermore, oil recovery from a spontaneous imbibition process was directly proportional to the permeability of the core samples. The presence of connate water saturation inside the porous media facilitated oil production significantly. Also, the oil recovery from porous media was highly dependent on ion repulsion/attraction activity of the rock surface which directly impacts on the wettability conditions. Finally, the highest ion attraction percentage was measured for sodium while there was no significant change in pH for all experiments.     

Compact eight-channel wavelength demultiplexer using modified photonic crystal ring resonators for CWDM applications

An eight-channel wavelength demultiplexer by cascading of ring resonators (RRs) in photonic crystal (PhC) structure is proposed in this paper. In designing of this demultiplexer, we used eight square-shaped PhC RRs with different refractive index (RI) of defect rods to generate a distinctive resonance wavelength. Each PhC RR has a specific resonance wavelength with tuning a variety of design parameters such as RI of a whole, defect and inner rods and radius of defect rods. In operating wavelength of λ₀?=?1497 nm, the transmission power and quality factor (Q) of single RR are discovered as 96% and 1000, respectively. The average power transmission, channel spacing, crosstalk and full width at half maximum are found by finite difference time domain method to be about 96?±?1%, 2.25 nm, ??35 dB and 1.5 nm, respectively. Simulation outcomes demonstrate that the designed demultiplexer has a proper operation. The footprint of the designed device is about?~?115 μm², which makes this device a promising for future photonic integrated circuits.

     

Prolong network lifetime and improve efficiency in WSN‐UAV systems using new clustering parameters and CSMA modification

Since unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been introduced as mobile nodes for data gathering, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have progressed considerably. The resulting WSN‐UAV systems are employed for emergency applications and also for remote monitoring purposes. WSN‐UAV systems yield an optimum data gathering method using the WSN. In the proposed method, the nodes' data are transferred using a remotely operated vehicle (drone) rather than the conventional data transferring methods like the direct and hop‐to‐hop data transmission approaches. Then, the gathered data are delivered in the pre‐determined destination point. WSN‐UAV systems, in fact, are a special case of the systems with the mobile sink in which the sink path is previously specified and controlled. In this paper, the effects of clustering parameters on the WSNs are studied; then, the network's lifetime is prolonged by applying some parameters. In addition, the network's performance is enhanced to some extent by assigning some changes in the media access control (MAC) layer. Also, the effect of drone's path pattern on the lifetime of the network is studied.     

Novel direct designs for 3-input XOR function for low-power and high-speed applications

Novel direct designs for 3-input exclusive-OR (XOR) function at transistor level are proposed in this article. These designs are appropriate for low-power and high-speed applications. The critical path of the presented designs consists of only two pass-transistors, which causes low propagation delay. Neither complementary inputs, nor V _DD and ground exist in the basic structure of these designs. The proposed designs have low dynamic and short-circuit power consumptions and their internal nodes dissipate negligible leakage power, which leads to low average power consumption. Some effective approaches are presented for improving the performance, voltage levels, and the driving capability and lowering the number of transistors of the basic structure of the designs. All of the proposed designs and several classical and state-of-the-art 3-input XOR circuits are simulated in a realistic condition using HSPICE with 90 nm CMOS technology at six supply voltages, ranging from 1.3 V down to 0.8 V. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed circuits are superior in terms of speed, power consumption and power-delay product (PDP) with respect to other designs.     

Characterization of High-k Gate Dielectric with Amorphous Nanostructure

In the present study, Zr _x La_1?x O _y amorphous nanostructures were prepared by the sol–gel method such that the Zr atomic fraction (x) ranged from 0% to 70%. An analytical model is described for the dielectric constant (k) of Zr _x La_1?x O _y nanostructures in a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) device. The structure and morphology of Zr _x La_1?x O _y film was studied using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Elemental qualitative analysis was performed using energy-dispersive x-ray spectra and a map that confirmed the findings. Preliminary information on the influence of thermal annealing on the morphological control of Zr _x La_1?x O _y amorphous nanostructures is presented. The dielectric constant of the crystalline Zr_0.5La_0.5O _y thin film is about 36. Electrical property characterization was performed using a metal–dielectric–semiconductor structure via capacitance–voltage and current density–voltage measurements.     

Study of Physically Transient Insulating Materials as a Potential Platform for Transient Electronics and Bioelectronics

Controlled degradation and transiency of materials is of significant importance in the design and fabrication of degradable and transient biomedical and electronic devices and platforms. Here, the synthesis of programmable biodegradable and transient insulating polymer films is reported, which have sufficient physical and chemical properties to be used as substrates for the construction of transient electronics. The composite structure can be used as a means to control the dissolution and transiency rate of the polymer composite film. Experimental and computational studies demonstrate that the addition of gelatin or sucrose to a PVA polymer matrix can be used as a means to program and either slow or enhance the transiency of the composite. The dissolution of the polymer composites are fitted with inverse exponential functions of different time constants; the lower time constants are an indication of faster transiency of the polymer composite. The addition of gelatin results in larger time constants, whereas the addition of sucrose generally results in smaller time constants.