Verfestigung,Fließfläche und Versetzungsstruktur bei Low-Cycle Fatigue

Cyclic Hardening, Yield Surface and Dislocation Arrangement in Low-Cycle Fatigue In Many technical and structural components stress raisers exist which undergo cyclic plastic deformation. Models have been developed to calculate the strain distribution and the resulting life. They are based on the assumptions that Masing-behaviour, isotropic and kinematic hardening are valid with cyclic pasticity. These assumptions have been examined experimentally. An interpretive connection is made between mechanical yield surface and microscopical arrangement of dislocations in the sense of cyclic hardening behaviour.     

Intervals in generalized effect algebras

A significant property of a generalized effect algebra is that its every interval with inherited partial sum is an effect algebra. We show that in some sense the converse is also true. More precisely, we prove that a set with zero element is a generalized effect algebra if and only if all its intervals are effect algebras. We investigate inheritance of some properties from intervals to generalized effect algebras, e.g., the Riesz decomposition property, compatibility of every pair of elements, dense embedding into a complete effect algebra, to be a sub-(generalized) effect algebra, to be lattice ordered and others. The response to the Open Problem from Rie?anová and Zajac (2013) for generalized effect algebras and their sub-generalized effect algebras is given.     

Pharmaceutical quantification with univariate analysis using transmission Raman spectroscopy

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quantification performance of transmission Raman spectroscopy with univariate analysis. Model dosage forms containing acetaminophen and an excipient, lactose monohydrate, were prepared. The Raman spectra of the tablets were obtained using the modes of transmission, backscattering micro-spectroscopy, and wide area illumination. Calibration curves for quantification of acetaminophen in the tablets were created using peak heights of the Raman spectra. Of the three modes of measurement, the quantitative results by transmission had the highest correlation with those by conventional UV–vis methods. In the validation of quantification by the transmission mode with univariate analysis, a certain degree of daily variation was confirmed. Additionally, quantitative results using peak heights were compared with those of partial least squares (PLSs) multivariate analysis. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) suggested that quantification using PLS provided better precision than the peak height method as expected. However, content uniformity test using large sample sizes by the Raman spectra is not required to be very highly predictive because they usually employ non-parametric criteria and include wide specification ranges. Therefore, univariate analysis using transmission Raman spectroscopy was a suitable quantitative method for conducting content uniformity tests of large sample sizes.     

Investigation of false-positive reactions for CBH351 maize in screening PCR analysis

Examination for CBH351 maize was conducted by the qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in maize grain and maize processed foods obtained in the Tokyo area. The numbers of samples possibly positive in the screening test were 7 of 22 (31.8%) for maize grain samples, 4 of 14 (28.6%) for semi-processed foods, 11 of 30 (36.7%) for canned products, 3 of 30 (10.0%) for maize snacks, 3 of 4 (75%) for tacos and 1 of 3 (33.3%) for tortillas. However, CBH351 maize was not detected in the confirmation test. Therefore, the results of the screening test were false-positive. Since the reaction might have been caused by the base sequences of the 3'-end of primers CaM03-5' and CBH02-3' used in the screening test, a new primer pair was designed. The PCR products obtained with the new primer pair TMC2-5'--TMS2-3' were specific for CBH351 and were not obtained with barley, wheat, rice, RRS, Bt11, or Event176. Thus, the new primer pair shows high specificity. CBH351 maize was detected from samples containing at least 0.05% CBH 351 maize DNA by using this primer pair.     

Complete Assignment of 1H and 13C NMR Spectra of Benz[a]Anthracene-7,12-dione and its Nitro Derivative

Benz[a]anthracene-7, 12-dione (1) was nitrated directly by nitric acid and a nitro-derivative (2) was obtained. Molecular orbital calculation predicted that the nitration reaction occurs in the C1 or C4 position of (1). To determine the position of the nitro group of (2), NMR chemical shifts were used. The absence of the chemical shift at δ9.7 in (2) clearly indicated that the nitro substituent issituated at the C1 position. The methodologies of FG-HOHAHA, FG-NOESY, FG-CH-COSY, and FG-HMBC were also used for detailed NMR spectral determination for their polycyclic aromatic ketons.     

Isomorphism theorems on generalized effect algebras based on atoms

A well-known fact is that every generalized effect algebra can be uniquely extended to an effect algebra in which it becomes a sub-generalized effect algebra and simultaneously a proper order ideal, the set-theoretic complement of which is its dual poset. We show that two non-isomorphic generalized effect algebras (even finite ones) may have isomorphic effect algebraic extensions. For Archimedean atomic lattice effect algebras we prove “Isomorphism theorem based on atoms”. As an application we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for isomorphism of two prelattice Archimedean atomic generalized effect algebras with common (or isomorphic) effect algebraic extensions.     

Lightweight investigation of long chain branching polypropylene/cellulose nanofiber composite foams

Long chain branching polypropylene (LCBPP)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composite foams were prepared by short shot foam injection molding method and their morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties were also investigated. The cellular structure of LCBPP/CNF composite foams was improved with weight reduction (WR) ratios increasing. The cell densities of LCBPP/CNF composite foams were dramatically increasing with WR ratios rising. More, the fine and uniform cellular structures were obtained due to the incorporation of CNF. The highest cell density, specific flexural strength, and modulus could achieved 20 × 10³ cell/cm², 65 MPa/(g/cm³) and 2.7 GPa/(g/cm³), respectively. Furthermore, the specific Charpy impact strengths were also higher than the ones of solid samples. At last, the thermal insulation properties were discussed accordingly.     

Quality characteristics of bean paste as a confectionery ingredient and recent breeding efforts of common beans in Japan

Bean paste is a confectionery ingredient originating in Asia made from cooked beans and sugar. In Japan, bean paste-containing products play an important role in the traditional confectionery industry. Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are used for making white bean paste, and the tebou market class is dedicated to white paste production. Bean paste qualities include paste yield, color, stickiness, smoothness, aroma and flavor. High paste yield, whiteness and smoothness are preferred. The ideal stickiness depends on the final product to be made using bean paste. In terms of aroma and flavor, high sweetness and low beaniness are generally desired. Most of the paste qualities can only be measured by preparing bean paste, which is labor intensive and low throughput. Yuki and Kinu tebou bean varieties were developed in this manner because the highest end-use quality is indispensable to domestic varieties. Tebou bean breeding in Japan is at the stage where more research is necessary to develop faster screening methods to predict important paste quality attributes. This review summarizes the literature on research on white bean paste quality and common bean breeding efforts conducted so far written either in English or Japanese, covering: (1) bean paste production and ingredient sources, (2) the selection criteria and methods used by Japanese breeders and (3) the resulting varieties developed for bean paste. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Gel‐spinning of partially saponificated poly(vinyl alcohol)

DMSO/water (80/20 volume ratio) solutions of commercial poly(vinyl alcohol)s (a‐PVA₉₉, a‐PVA₈₈) with degrees of saponification of 99.3 and 88 mol % were gel‐spun into methanol (−20 and −70°C). The dry filaments obtained were drawn at 200°C (a‐PVA₉₉) and 150–180°C (a‐PVA₈₈). The maximum draw ratio and Young's modulus were 26 and 34 GPa for a‐PVA₉₉ and 21 and 24 GPa for a‐PVA₈₈ (drawing temperature: 160°C). So, at first, the dry filaments obtained for a‐PVA₈₈ were drawn at 150–180°C until 10 times their original length. Moreover, the predrawn a‐PVA₈₈ filaments were perfectly saponificated under fixing at the both ends and then the filaments were redrawn at 200°C. The maximum draw ratio and Young's modulus for the filaments (a‐PVA_88→99) predrawn at 150°C were 28 and 39 GPa, respectively. The a‐PVA_88→99 filaments had two melting peaks (228 and 236°C). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 2872–2876, 2000