Implementation of 2-D pseudo-rotated digital filters using a forward lattice structure

The 1-D FDLS shows the localized feedback property and is suitable for modular and concurrent implementation. It is known that the 1-D FDLS shows interesting properties with respect to finite word-length effects. In this paper, a new result is given for the estimation of the lower and upper bound of the variance of the roundoff noise. It is presented how the FDLS can be incorporated to implement 2-D pseudo-rotated digital filters. The 1-D roundoff noise analysis is extended to the 2-D case. It is indicated how 2-D filter banks can be derived from the FDLS.     

Green energy market development in Germany: effective public policy and emerging customer demand

This paper reviews the development of renewable energy in Germany from 1973 to 2003. It investigates the relative importance of energy policy and green power marketing in shaping the renewable energy market. More than a decade of consistent policy support for renewables under the feed-in law (StrEG) and its successor (EEG) has been an important driver for increasing renewable electricity generation to date, putting the country in a better position than most of its peers when it comes to achieving European Union targets for renewable energy. Green power marketing driven by customer demand, on the other hand, is growing, but has had limited measurable impact so far. We discuss potential intangible benefits of green power marketing and scenarios for future market development. The paper concludes with lessons that can be learned from the German case for policy design and market development in other countries.     

A pragmatic approach to wind farm simulations using the dynamic wake meandering model

This paper presents a computationally efficient method for using the dynamic wake meandering model to conduct simulations of wind farm power production. The method is based on creating a database, which contains the time and rotor‐averaged wake effect at any point downstream of a wake‐emitting turbine operating in arbitrary ambient conditions and at an arbitrary degree of wake influence. This database is later used as a look‐up table at runtime to estimate the operating conditions at all turbines in the wind farm, thus eliminating the need to run the dynamic wake meandering model at runtime. By using the proposed method, the time required to conduct wind farm simulations is reduced by three orders of magnitude compared with running the standalone dynamic wake meandering model at runtime. As a result, the wind farm production dynamics for a farm of 100 turbines at 10,000 different sets of ambient conditions run on a normal laptop in 1 h. The method is validated against full scale measurements from the Smøla and OWEZ wind farms, and fair agreement is achieved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Erhitzen von Weizen

Zusammenfassung Teige aus erhitzten Weizenkörnern (45–75 °C/6 min bei 20% Wassergehalt) wurden mit der Capillarviscosimetrie und mit einem Mikrobackversuch untersucht. Beide Methoden zeigten eine erhitzungsbedingte Verfestigung des Klebers an. Eine Untersuchung der Mehlproteine ergab bei der Osbornefraktionierung eine Verschiebung von Albuminen/Globulinen in den Rückstand. Zugversuche sowie calorimetrische Messungen mit hitzebehandeltem Kleber lassen auf Konformationsänderungen der Proteine als Ursache für die Kleberverfestigung schließen.

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Heating of wheat. 2. Rheological and baking behaviour, changes in Osborne fractions

Dough from heated wheat kernels (45–75° C/ 6 min, 20% water content) were examined by capillary viscosimetry and by a micro-baking test. Both methods showed an increase in gluten strength. Osborne fractionation of the proteins showed a shift of albumins/globulins to the residual protein. Load-extension tests and calorimetric measurements with heat-treated gluten led to the conclusion that changes in protein conformation are responsible for the increase in gluten strength.

     

Male pheromone of swift moth,Hepialus hecta L. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

(R)-6-Ethyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, (1R,3S,5R)-3-ethyl-1,8-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3. 1]non-7-ene, and (1R,3S,5R)-3-ethyl-1,8-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-en-6-one represent the main components in the male pheromone of the swift moth,Hepialus hecta. The amounts of the three components were 40, 5, and 5 g per male, respectively. Structure elucidation of the compounds was based on spectroscopic data as compared to synthetic reference samples. The absolute configurations were determined by gas chromatography on chiral stationary phases; optically active samples served as reference compounds. Electrophysiological and behavioral experiments with natural material and synthetic samples clearly showed the three heterocyclic compounds to act as pheromones. (E, E)--Farnesene represents the main component of the scent secretion of maleHepialus humuli.     

On the effect of peroxisomal β-oxidation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity by eicosapentaenoic acid in liver and heart from rats

Repeated administration of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (as ethyl ester) resulted in a decrease in plasma triglycerides and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. This was accompanied by a stimulation in the activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase, fatty acyl-CoA oxidase and peroxisomal β-oxidation in the liver. The results suggest that the triglyceride-lowering effect observed with eicosapentaenoic acid may be due to a reduced supply of fatty acids for hepatic triglyceride synthesis because of increased fatty acid oxidation. Eicosapentaenoic acid feeding marginally affected the triglyceride content of heart and mitochondrial and peroxisomal enzyme activities.     

An ionene with spirane structure (spiroionene)

The secondary diamine 1,3,5,7-tetrahydro[1,2c:4,5c'] benzodipyrrole (3) and 1,2,4,5-tetrabromomethylbenzene (1) form a polymeric ionene with spirane structure through a repetitive alkylation reaction. The structure of the product could be proven by¹³C-NMR spectroscopy by comparison with suitable reference compounds. Solutions in aqueous methanol exhibit a typical polyelectrolyte effect. Variation of the counterions produces sufficient solubility in organic solvents. From the crystal structure of a similar model compound one can conclude that the synthesized polymer has a rod-like shape.     

20.1%‐efficient crystalline silicon solar cell with amorphous silicon rear‐surface passivation

We have developed a crystalline silicon solar cell with amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) rear‐surface passivation based on a simple process. The a‐Si:H layer is deposited at 225°C by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition. An aluminum grid is evaporated onto the a‐Si:H‐passivated rear. The base contacts are formed by COSIMA (contact formation to a‐Si:H passivated wafers by means of annealing) when subsequently depositing the front silicon nitride layer at 325°C. The a‐Si:H underneath the aluminum fingers dissolves completely within the aluminum and an ohmic contact to the base is formed. This contacting scheme results in a very low contact resistance of 3.5 ±0.2 mΩ cm² on low‐resistivity (0.5 Ω cm) p‐type silicon, which is below that obtained for conventional Al/Si contacts. We achieve an independently confirmed energy conversion efficiency of 20.1% under one‐sun standard testing conditions for a 4 cm² large cell. Measurements of the internal quantum efficiency show an improved rear surface passivation compared with reference cells with a silicon nitride rear passivation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An even magneto-optic effect: Linear polarization of the spectral thermal emission from ferromagnetic iron

The thermal spectral emission from ferromagnetic iron observed at normal incidence and with the magnetization parallel to its surface is partially linearly polarized. Measurements of the new even magneto-optic effect have been performed in the spectral range from 1.8 μm to 5 μm wave-length.