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61.
Morten Hertzum Rolf Molich Niels Ebbe Jacobsen 《Behaviour & Information Technology》2014,33(2):144-162
Usability evaluation is essential to user-centred design; yet, evaluators who analyse the same usability test sessions have been found to identify substantially different sets of usability problems. We revisit this evaluator effect by having 19 experienced usability professionals analyse video-recorded test sessions with five users. Nine participants analysed moderated sessions; 10 participants analysed unmoderated sessions. For the moderated sessions, participants reported an average of 33% of the problems reported by all nine of these participants and 50% of the subset of problems reported as critical or serious by at least one participant. For the unmoderated sessions, the percentages were 32% and 40%. Thus, the evaluator effect was similar for moderated and unmoderated sessions, and it was substantial for the full set of problems and still present for the most severe problems. In addition, participants disagreed in their severity ratings. As much as 24% (moderated) and 30% (unmoderated) of the problems reported by multiple participants were rated as critical by one participant and minor by another. The majority of the participants perceived an evaluator effect when merging their individual findings into group evaluations. We discuss reasons for the evaluator effect and recommend ways of managing it. 相似文献
62.
The work describes adsorption experiments from aqueous solutions on activated carbon using a counter-current adsorber. Phenol and paranitrophenol were used for single component adsorption and molasses colour for multicomponent adsorption experiments. Isotherms were determined using simple equilibrium experiments. Three different techniques were used for determination of the kinetics. These were finite bath, infinite bath and fixed bed experiments. A mathematical model for countercurrent adsorption was tested. The model includes the effect of film diffusion and pore diffusion as well as surface diffusion, and can handle systems with a nonlinear isotherms. Kinetic data in the form of an average diffusivity in the carbon determined from the finite bath experiments and isotherm data did not predict the operation of the countercurrent column well. Data from the fixed bed experiments predicted countercurrent column operation much better. This is deemed to be due to inhomogeneities in the carbon used, resulting in a fairly quick initial uptake of the main part of the solute and a slower uptake of a minor amount. 相似文献
63.
64.
RolfW.Hertling 《光盘技术》2003,(4):42-46
1引言:高级的可录DVD格式需要高级的测试设备 放眼当今市场,终端消费者已逐步接受可录DVD格式;展望不久的将来,可录DVD必将取代CD-R成为数据备份的标准存储媒体。因而盘片复制商、生产线制造商、测试设备提供商都越来越关注DVD-R。 相似文献
65.
Using atomic force spectroscopy, we investigated the adhesion-promoting ability of chromium. An intermediate layer of chromium can overcome the low adhesion between metal films and silicon dioxide. For the first time, we quantitatively studied this experimentally well known fact. We compared the adhesion between chromium and different substrates such as gold, silver, mica, and silicon dioxide and, beyond that, the adhesion between silicon dioxide and the same substrates. To avoid additional effects due to water, we chose ethanol as a nonpolar solvent. Taking the interfacial energies of the surfaces with the liquid into account eliminates the direct influence of the fluid medium on the adhesion of the solid material. The results we obtained corroborate the experimental fact of higher adhesion of chromium with the chosen substrates, as well as substantiate the value of chromium as an adhesion promoter. The adhesion of chromium-coated probes on gold, silicon dioxide, and mica is higher than the adhesion of silicon dioxide probes on the same substrates. 相似文献
66.
Bohdan Schneider Jan Štokr Pavel Schmidt Marian Mihailov Stoil Dirlikov Nadezhda Peeva 《Polymer》1979,20(6):705-712
Infrared and Raman spectra of atactic PMMA and infrared spectra of stereoregular PMMA and of its four deuterated derivatives , were measured. They were used to assign the bands of stretching and deformation vibrations of CH2, CCH3 and OCH3 groups in the infrared and Raman spectra and to discuss the effect of stereoregularity on these bands in the infrared spectra. 相似文献
67.
Matthias Berger Kurt Laumen Manfred P. Schneider 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(10):955-960
Regioisomerically pure 1,3-sn-diacylglycerols are conveniently prepared in high yields (>80%) and in large quantities by enzymatic esterification of glycerol
in the presence of various 1,3-selective lipases(Chromobacterium viscosum, Rhizopus delemar, Rhizomucor miehei) and a variety of different acyl donors like free fatty acids, fatty acid alkyl esters and vinyl esters. All reactions are
carried out in aprotic organic solvents of low water content, namelyn-hexane, diethyl ether or tBuOMe. The creation of an artificial interphase between the solvent-immiscible hydrophilic glycerol
and the hydrophobic reaction media by the adsorption of glycerol onto a solid support prior to use was essential for the success
of these transformations. The effects of reaction conditions and the regioselectivities of the lipases on the product yields
are described in detail. 相似文献
68.
A theoretical approach to the kinetics of the thermal decomposition of molten thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers, under conditions of thermoplastic processing, is described. On the basis of these considerations, the thermal decomposition in different instruments (melt index analyser and measuring extruder) can be described quantitatively and the various results can be compared. As a result, identical conditions of decomposition of the melt can be defined accurately, thus opening up the possibility of combining experimental values from different instruments. The fundamental kinetic equation obtained for the kinetics of the thermal decomposition of thermoplastic polyurethanes describes the decomposition reaction and the reverse reaction (formation reaction) – which is dependent on the system of measurement and processing – as a function of the molar mass (end‐group concentration) of the original product, determined from the velocity constants for the decomposition reaction and back reaction. The consideration of the limiting value for t → ∞ is in agreement with the equilibrium constant. Consequently, the development of physical characteristic functions of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers – independent of the system of measurement – is possible.
69.
Summary
13c T1 of some polymers has been measured at various temperatures. This relaxation is sensitive to other motions than those determining the proton relaxation. The T1's of polyethylene and poly(ethylene-vinylacetate) show minima which correspond to second moments of 108 s–2 and 4·108 s–2, respectively, in contrary to the theoretical value of 4·109 s–2. The reason is a strongly restricted motion — e. g. torsional oscillation — which cannot average out completely the dipolar interaction. In poly(methylmethacrylate) and in poly(vinylacetate) a decrease of the restriction with increasing temperature has been observed.Presented at the 22nd Microsymposium, Characterization of Structure and Dynamics of Macromolecular Systems by NMR Methods, Prague, CSSR, July 20–23, 1981 相似文献
70.
Two different types of mullite could be determined in differently coloured fragments of South American bauxites: − Mullites, occuring in light bauxite fragments with low impurity contents (Σ wt % (Fe2O3 + TiO2) 2.5), and cell dimensions close to that of 3/2 mullite, the b parameter being slightly shorter. − Mullites, occurring in grey to dark grey, and in brown bauxite fragments, with high impurity contents (Σ wt % (Fe2O3 + TiO2) 4,0) and a and c cell dimensions close to those of 2/1 mullite. The b constant of these mullites is slightly expanded with respect to impurity free mullites. Increasing impurity contents in mullite are linearly correlated with a b expansion. The expansion was structurally explained with a substitution of Al3+ by Fe3+ and Ti4+ at octahedral lattice sites, which causes stretching of the AlO6 octahedra along to the elastic Al1---DD bond in mullites which is 30° to either side of b. The substitution-produced expansion is superimposed by an expansion due to the change of the structural state of mullite from the 3/2 to the 2/1 type. The greatest variation in any cell parameter with the change of the structural state is the a constant. 相似文献