Effect of power interchange operation of multiple household gas engine cogeneration systems on energy-saving

The effect of power interchange operation of multiple household gas engine cogeneration systems (H-GCGS) on the energy-saving is investigated using an optimization approach based on the mixed-integer linear programming. In this power interchange operation, electricity generated by H-GCGS is shared among households in a housing complex without transmitting to a commercial electric power system so that the operating time of these systems may increase. This paper numerically analyzes optimal operational strategies for 20 households and three types of household energy supply configurations: the power interchange operation of the H-GCGSs (IC), stand-alone operation of each H-GCGSs (SA), and conventional energy supply system without the H-GCGSs. A numerical result clarifies the effectiveness of the power interchange operation from the energy-saving viewpoint and a dominant parameter for evaluating the energy-saving effect.     

A creep life assessment method for boiler pipes using small punch creep test

The small punch creep (SPC) test is considered as a highly useful method for creep life assessment for high temperature plant components. SPC uses miniature-sized specimens and does not cause any serious sampling damages, and its assessment accuracy is at a high level. However, in applying the SPC test to the residual creep life assessment of the boiler in service, there are some issues to be studied. In order to apply SPC test to the residual creep life assessment of the 2.25Cr–1Mo steel boiler pipe, the relationship between uniaxial creep stress and the SPC test load has been studied.     

All solid-state sheet battery using lithium inorganic solid electrolyte, thio-LISICON

All solid-state sheet lithium battery was developed using inorganic solid electrolyte, thio-LISICON (Li_3.25Ge_0.25P_0.75S₄), Li–Al anode, and Mo₆S₈ cathode materials, and the sheet manufacturing process was established. The new sheet-configuration was consisted of the cathode with the grid of current collector, electrolyte sheet with or without mechanical support, and aluminum/lithium composite sheet anode. A sheet battery with a dimension of 30 mm × 30 mm showed good charge–discharge characteristics without any capacity fading at a current of 0.1 mA.     

A study of autonomous reactive power control method for distributed power generators to maintain power quality of the grid

Distributed power generators, such as cogenerators and renewable energy systems, have continued to advance and their penetration capacity is increasing. However, they may cause power quality problems in voltage regulation because of the reverse power flow. At present, when the distribution line voltage exceeds the limit value, distributed generators control reactive power to reduce the voltage, and if the reactive power output is not enough, they reduce the active power output. Therefore, an imbalance of active power output between distributed generators may occur because the voltage of generators varies by location and generators at lower voltage locations do not control the reactive power. A power control method for distributed generators needs to be established to solve these problems. In this study, an autonomous reactive power control method of sharing reactive power between distributed generators is proposed. The availability of this method is discussed experimentally and its applicability area is considered analytically by use of a model distribution system. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Chiral Scandium‐Catalysed Enantioselective Ring‐Opening of meso‐Epoxides with N‐Heterocycle,Alcohol and Thiol Derivatives in Water

In the presence of catalytic amounts of Sc(OSO₃C₁₂H₂₅)₃ and a chiral bipyridine ligand, asymmetric ring‐opening of meso‐epoxides with aromatic N‐heterocycles, an alcohol and thiols proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding products in moderate to good yields (34–85 %) with high to excellent enantioselectivities (74–96 % ee). Water was used as the sole and essential solvent in these important enantioselective transformations.     

A 100 Gram‐Scale Production of a Key Building Block of Antibacterial Vancomycin: The Use of an Air‐Stable Chiral Zirconium Catalyst and Complete Recovery of a Silicon Source in Catalytic Asymmetric Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction

We have achieved a 100 gram‐scale production of anti‐(2S,3S)‐β‐(p‐benzyloxy‐m‐chloro)phenyl‐N‐trifluoroacetyl‐L ‐serine methyl ester ( 1 ) in high yield with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities based on a catalytic asymmetric Mukaiyama aldol reaction. The use of an air‐stable zirconium‐molecular sieves combined catalyst [(R)‐I₄‐ZrMS] facilitates easy manufacturing operation and reproducibility. Moreover, this is the first example of the complete recovery of the silicon source in a Mukaiyama aldol reaction.     

Preparation of micron-scale monodisperse oil-in-water microspheres by microchannel emulsification

Micron-scale monodisperse oil-in-water (O/W) micropheres (MS) were prepared using a novel microchannel (MC) emulsification technique. The characteristics of the MS preparation and the O/W-MS prepared were studied. Soybean oil and medium-chain triacyglycerol (MCT) were used as the disprrsed phase, and physiological saline was used as the continuous phase. Silicon MC with 1 to 3μm-equivalent channel diameters were employed. A novel MC module was devised to easily recover the O/W-MS prepared. The effects of the channel shape on the behavior of MS formation, on the MS size, and on the distribution were investigated. An MC with a terrace at the MC outlet stably yielded micron-scale monodisperse O/W-MS; the MS had diameters of about 5 μm, and their coefficients of variation were below 9%. Monodisperse food-grade O/W-MS with diameters of about 4 μm could be obtained by using polyglycerol fatty acid ester as the surfactant. The size and size distribution of the recovered O/W-MS remained almost constant over 60 d, demonstrating their long-term stability.     

Design of pseudo-ternary and quaternary alloys by superlattices consisting of (zn,cd)(s,se) binary ii–vi compounds

Theoretical design of pseudo-ternary and quaternary alloys by superlattice structures consisting of (Zn,Cd)(S,Se) binary II–VI compounds has been studied. For pseudo-ternary ZnCdS and ZnCdSe alloys, the superlattices with two layers in a cycle, i.e., ZnS/CdS and ZnSe/CdSe are considered, and for pseudo-quaternary ZnCdSSe alloy, the two superlattice structures with more than two layers in a cycle are considered. In order to design and evaluate these superlattices, the expression for the equilibrium in-plane lattice constant of these superlattices has been derived by minimizing the total elastic strain energy in the cycle. The combinations of layer thicknesses in a cycle and the effective bandgap of these superlattices have been calculated while the elastic strain effect was included. The usefulness of these superlattice structures has been evaluated.     

Deuterium trapping by irradiation damage in tungsten induced by different displacement processes

The deuterium trapping behaviors in tungsten damaged by light ions with lower energy (10 keV C⁺ and 3 keV He⁺) or a heavy ion with higher energy (2.8 MeV Fe²⁺) were compared by means of TDS to understand the effects of cascade collisions on deuterium retention in tungsten. By light ion irradiation, most of deuterium was trapped by vacancies, whose retention was almost saturated at the damage level of 0.2 dpa. For the heavy ion irradiation, the deuterium trapping by voids was found, indicating that cascade collisions by the heavy ion irradiation would create the voids in tungsten. Most of deuterium trapped by the voids was desorbed in higher temperature region compared to that trapped by vacancies. It was also found that deuterium could accumulate in the voids, resulting in the formation of blisters in tungsten.     

不同掺杂对可加工陶瓷二次电子发射及沿面闪络特性的影响

固体绝缘材料的表面特性极大地影响着其真空沿面闪络特性,长期以来这一现象极大地制约着真空绝缘系统的整体性能,限制了高压电真空设备的发展进程.本文针对一种具有良好加工性能及表面耐电特性的低熔点可加工微晶玻璃陶瓷引入真空绝缘的背景,在不明显降低可加工性能的前提下,通过在可加工陶瓷原材料内掺杂不同的低二次电子发射系数金属氧化物...