Interaction of bacteriophage R17 and reovirus type III with the clay mineral allophane

A study has been made of the adsorption of bacteriophage R17 and reovirus type 3 by the amorphous aluminosilicate clay mineral allophane. In agreement with previous studies of virus adsorption to other minerals such as montmorillonite and aluminium hydroxide, the principal factors influencing adsorption were found to be mixing time, pH and the concentrations and isoelectric points of both the virus and the absorbent. However, allophane was found to be a much better adsorbent for reovirus and R17 over the pH range 5–7, the natural pH range of many fresh waters.By using highly purified radioactive reovirus it was possible to follow both the distribution of radioactive virus in a clay suspension and the specific infectivity of the virus. This study revealed that when adsorbed virus was eluted by neutral phosphate solutions it retained its physical integrity but was of a lower specific infectivity.     

Air monitoring network program in Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has initiated a program to install air quality network stations throughout the country in order to measure concentration of the ambient air pollutants. The site selection of these stations is an important objective to be accomplished and must be done based on scientific and rational work. To accomplish this objective, a modified version of atmospheric transport and dispersion model, known as air resources laboratories - atmospheric transport and dispersion (ARLATAD) model, is used to evaluate long range transport and diffusion of air pollutants from major pollution causing sources such as refineries, open-air burning of associated gases of oil fields and major industries.Hourly meteorological data for a period of three years (from 1977 to 1979) on wind speed, wind direction, pressure, and temperature from 20 synoptic stations in Saudi Arabia is processed and used as model input. In addition to these, meteorological data from three upper air stations is also processed in order to determine base and top of critical inversion heights.Various pollution causing sources are identified within the study area. Air trajectories are drawn with sources as the origins of the trajectories and the dispersion characteristics is studied with distance and time. Based on long term meteorological records, the adversely affected zones are statistically identified for potential station sites.     

Procedure for predicting settlements of thawing bases for engineering calculations

It was shown that in order to compute the settlement of thawing cohesive soil under a load in time it is necessary to experimentally determine the consolidation coefficient. A procedure is suggested for determining this coefficient, as well as use of the classical solution of a differential equation for seepage consolidation to describe the settlement of soil, thawing of which can occur according to any law.State All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Roads. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 4, pp. 5–7, July–August, 1993.     

A new approach for simulating aerodynamic vibrations of structures in a wind tunnel—development of an experimental system by means of hybrid vibration technique

The present paper describes a newly proposed technique for simulating aerodynamic vibration of structures, which is referred to as the hybrid vibration technique or HVT. This technique is a combination of step-by-step computer calculation and measurement of the aerodynamic force acting on a model structure in a wind tunnel test. Even though the HVT can be applied effectively, problems still exist with respect to obtaining accurate simulations. These problems include response delay in controlling the model behavior and the inertia force component present in the measured aerodynamic force. Techniques for compensating for response delay and for eliminating inertia force from measured aerodynamic force are applied to a developed system based on HVT simulations of aerodynamic vibration of elastic structures and structures exhibiting elasto-plastic behavior are performed by means of the newly developed system. The effectiveness of the techniques for compensating for the response delay and eliminating the inertia force can be confirmed from the results of the simulations. In addition, the possibility and applicability of HVT is indicated.     

A steady-state model for the rotating biological disc reactor

A steady-state model for substrate removal in a rotating biological disc reactor is presented. The model considers the consumption of substrate by micro-organisms in the biofilm attached to the rotating disc, and mass transfer from the attached liquid film to the biofilm. A mass balance on substrate over the liquid in the trough provides an expression for effluent substrate in terms of the microbial kinetic constants, the geometry of the system and the operating conditions. In order to simplify the solution of the equations in the model, first order kinetics are assumed for the rate of microbial growth and substrate utilization. This simplified model can be solved, for example, by using a programmable calculator. The model predicts that the fractional removal of substrate per stage is strongly dependent on the hydraulic loading rate per unit disc area but independent of feed substrate concentration. It predicts constant removal independent of disc size provided the hydraulic loading per unit area is kept constant. The rotational speed has only a slight predicted effect on the rate of substrate removal. The predictions of the model are compared with published data from the literature for both domestic wastewater and some industrial wastes. Trends observed in the field are predicted qualitatively by the model.     

Continuous monitoring of short term dissolved oxygen and algal dynamics

Dissolved oxygen (DO) in coastal bays with frequent algal blooms can undergo significant diurnal changes. Short-term DO and algal dynamics in a sub-tropical, nitrogen-limited, marine ecosystem are studied by means of a specially designed telemetry system. The high resolution data show clearly the importance of the vertical DO structure, and its relationship with environmental variables (solar radiation, water temperature, wind, tidal current) and phytoplankton dynamics. The design, instrumentation and calibration, and operational experience of the system are described. The simple and robust system has proved useful in (i) providing continuous data for full testing of water quality models, and (ii) the planning of field experiments to study algal dynamics.     

Spatial and temporal trends of petroleum hydrocarbons in wild mussels from the Galician coast (NW Spain) affected by the Prestige oil spill

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in tissues of wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Galicia coast (NW Spain) in order to assess the extent of the environmental impact caused by the Prestige oil spill (November 13, 2002). Three sampling campaigns were carried out in February, June and November 2003 at 24 stations along the Galicia coast, from La Guardia (Pontevedra) to Ribadeo (Lugo). The spatial distribution of PAHs found in the first sampling period, clearly revealed the central area (Costa da Morte) as the most affected by the oil spill. In these stations, concentrations up to 7780 microg/kg dw of the sum of 13 parent PAHs were found 2-3 months after the spill. Molecular parameters within the aliphatic and aromatic fractions confirmed the presence of the Prestige oil in these samples. The levels markedly decreased at most of the stations in the second sampling and recovered to levels found before the spill in November 2003, 1 year after the accident (29-279 microg/kg dw, av. 133+/-83 microg/kg dw). However, a certain increase was observed in some sites which could be related to the remobilization of oil residues from still unclean intertidal spots or sediments due to the winter marine weather conditions.     

Betons a hautes performances,a granulats artificiels actifs

High strength concretes, in particular at early ages (more than 40 MPa at 3 days and up to 80 MPa at 7 days), are obtained by replacement of certain granular size ranges of sand or gravel by cement-active artificial aggregates in a given concrete composition elaborated with a local supply of aggregates and cement. The strengthening of the paste-aggregate bond by chemical reactions between the artificial aggregates and the cement also involves an improvement of other concrete performances and not only of mechanical strengths. The cracking ability is decreased, the wear strength is higher, and water permeability is low or even nil for certain compositions. The laboratory results are confirmed by tests on the site and show the possibility of achieving high strength concretes without any particular selection of cement and natural aggregates.     

Concurrent denitrification and oxygen uptake in microbial films

Mixed microbial films were grown on the inner walls of a tubular reactor with recirculation of the reactor contents and continuous flow-through of nutrient solution. The loss of total oxidized nitrogen was correlated to the film population, the nitrite concentration and the dissolved oxygen concentration in the reactor. When film population was greater than 0.5 × 10⁹ cells cm⁻², reactor dissolved oxygen concentration greater than 1 mg l⁻¹ had little effect on the nitrate loss. Nitrate loss declined for film populations greater than 2 × 10⁹ cells cm⁻². Models based on Monod and zero-order microbial kinetics were calibrated using these data and a nonlinear least squares method. There was little difference in the residual errors with these methods.