The role of epidemiology in cancer prevention

1. ISA Brown and Shaver 288 pullets were changed from 8 h to 8, 10, 13 or 16 h photoperiods at 42, 63, 84, 105, 126 or 142 d of age. 2. Age at first egg (AFE) was curvilinearly affected by the size and timing of the change in photoperiod. AFE was advanced most by a photoperiod change from 8 to 13 h made at 63 or 84 d. ISA birds were generally more responsive than Shaver to the photoperiod changes. 3. Longer photoperiods significantly increased survivors' egg production, but decreased liveability to 504 d. so that eggs per hen housed were unaffected. Retarding AFE by 10 d reduced survivors' egg numbers by 7.0, but increased mean egg weight by 1.26 g. Egg output by Shaver birds was unaffected by AFE, but that of ISA was curvilinearly affected, with an apogee at an AFE of 135 d. In both breeds, egg weight and egg output were greater following an early or late, rather than a mid-term photostimulation. 4. Photoperiod significantly increased mean daily food intake during lay by 1.26 g/h. A 10 d retardation in AFE resulted in a reduction in food intake of 1 g/d. Efficiency of food conversion deteriorated according to the square of the photoperiod, and changed curvilinearly according to age at photostimulation. Food conversion efficiency improved by 0.05 g/g for each 10 d delay in AFE. 5. Shell quality was unaffected by AFE, but deteriorated with increasing photoperiod and was curvilinearly affected by age at photostimulation with the smallest shell weights associated with photostimulation at 63 d. The incidence of double-yolked (DY) egg production increased with photoperiod and decreased with delayed photostimulation. There was an exponential regression of DY eggs on AFE. 6. Body weight at first egg increased by 75 g/d delay in AFE, but body weight at 504 d of age was unaffected by AFE, photoperiod or age at photostimulation. Body weight gain during lay increased by 15 g/h increase in photoperiod, decreased by 6 g per 10 d delay in photostimulation and by 40 g per 10 d delay in AFE. Fat content at 504 d increased by about 10 g/kg and by 23 g/bird for each 10 d delay in AFE. 7. Mortality in lay increased by 0.8%/h increase in photoperiod, but was unaffected by either age at photostimulation or AFE.     

A neuronal ryanodine receptor mediates light-induced phase delays of the circadian clock

Circadian clocks are complex biochemical systems that cycle with a period of approximately 24 hours. They integrate temporal information regarding phasing of the solar cycle, and adjust their phase so as to synchronize an organism's internal state to the local environmental day and night. Nocturnal light is the dominant regulator of this entrainment. In mammals, information about nocturnal light is transmitted by glutamate released from retinal projections to the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Clock resetting requires the activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors, which mediate Ca2+ influx. The response induced by such activation depends on the clock's temporal state: during early night it delays the clock phase, whereas in late night the clock phase is advanced. To investigate this differential response, we sought signalling elements that contribute solely to phase delay. We analysed intracellular calcium-channel ryanodine receptors, which mediate coupled Ca2+ signalling. Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores during early night blocked the effects of glutamate. Activators of ryanodine receptors induced phase resetting only in early night; inhibitors selectively blocked delays induced by light and glutamate. These findings implicate the release of intracellular Ca2+ through ryanodine receptors in the light-induced phase delay of the circadian clock restricted to the early night.     

Recurrent Meesmann''s corneal epithelial dystrophy after penetrating keratoplasty

Endoscopic treatment of chronic pancreatitis has drawn benefits from endoscopic procedures previously described for the main bile duct. Endotherapy is developing throughout the world. Cyst drainage procedures certainly represent the largest step forward in that non-surgical approach, whatever it is either direct (through the stomach or the duodenum) or indirect through the papilla in the duodenum. This procedure gives similar results to surgery with a lower morbidity. Pancreatic duct drainage associated with stone clearance is feasible and provides good results which have not yet been compared with those obtained thanks to surgery. Nonetheless, when the duct is not widely dilated it has been proven to be a satisfactory alternative to surgery. By contrast, chronic cholestasis does not appear to be a good indication of endotherapy.     

脉冲激光电源中的全枯相移零电压变换器（ZVT）

讨论了负载短路和开路情况下实现零电压软开关的策略，并以所研制的由IGBT做为开关器件的9kW（峰值功率）全桥ZVT脉冲激光电源为例进行了说明。     

An analysis of simultaneous variation in protein structures

The simultaneous substitution of pairs of buried amino acid side chains during divergent evolution has been examined in a set of protein families with known crystal structures. A weak signal is found that shows that amino acid pairs near in space in the folded structure preferentially undergo substitution in a compensatory way. Three different physicochemical types of covariation 'signals' were then examined separately, with consideration given to the evolutionary distance at which different types of compensation occur. Where the compensatory covariation tends towards retaining the combined residue volumes, the signal is significant only at very low evolutionary distances. Where the covariation compensates for changes in the hydrogen bonding, the signal is strongest at intermediate evolutionary distances. Covariations that compensate for charge variations appeared with equal strength at all the evolutionary distances examined. A recipe is suggested for using the weak covariation signal to assemble the predicted secondary structural elements, where the evolutionary distance, covariation type and weighting are considered together with the tertiary structural context (interior or surface) of the residues being examined.      

糖姜甘薯脯的研制

以鲜姜、甘薯为主要原料研制糖姜甘薯脯,分别对成品的护色、硬化及风味等工艺条件进行了研究,所得产品风味独特、营养丰富.实验所得的最佳配方为:0.3%的亚硫酸氢钠,0.5%的明矾溶液,9%的鲜姜,0.03%柠檬酸和一定量糖.     

基于多元目标的主成分分析的热岛效应成因研究——以西安市为例

城市热岛效应作为城市化进程的负效应,其成因具有复杂性和地域性特征.以西安市为例,基于多元目标分析的主成分方法定量计算了不同影响因子对西安市热岛效应的贡献度大小,并以此为基础,最终筛选了城市人口、人均拥有道路面积、人均拥有机动车数、人均绿化面积、建成区面积、降水量及平均风速7个主要因素作为西安市热岛效应的主要成因;最后,从调整城市规划思路、控制工业热源、调控民用热源等三个方面为出发点构建了应对西安市热岛效应的宏观调控体系,其内容由3个一级指标、12个二级指标和5个三级指标构成.对应对和缓解西安市热岛效应具有积极的指导意义,也为其它城市应对热岛效应提供范式参考.     

Parton Rescattering Effect on the Charged Hadron Forward-Backward Multiplicity Correlation in pp Collisions at s～(1/2)=200 GeV

The parton rescattering effect on the charged hadron forward-backward multiplicity correlation in pp collisions at s～(1/2)=200 GeV is studied by a parton and hadron cascade model,PACIAE,based on the PYTHIA model.The calculated multiplicity and pseudorapidity distri-bution of the final state charged hadrons are well compared with the experimental data.It is found that the final state charged hadron pseudorapidity distribution is different from the initial state charged partons.The parton rescattering effect on the charged hadron forward-backward multiplicity correlation increases with the increasing parton rescattering strength in the center pseudorapidity region (|η| < 1).However,this effect becomes weaker in the outer pseudorapidity region (|η| > 1).