Traction force between rotating rolls and moving web considering the effect of air-entrainment

High-speed transportation of paper web sometimes leads the web handling system into unstable state because of increase in the air-entrainment into the gap between a rotating roll and moving web or the nip region of winding system. In this paper, the property of the traction change with increase in the air-entrainment into the gap between a paper roll and web or the nip region of winding system was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The critical speed to avoid slippage between a roll and web was found to be estimable by applying and extending the concept of “effective” frictional coefficient with the consideration of air-entrainment, which is proposed by Good et al. (Proceedings of the fourth international conference on web handling, 1997), Hashimoto (Proc JSME 1999(5):183–184, 1999a) and so on, to the estimation of the traction force defined as the frictional force on a paper roll or at the nip region. Consequently, the web handling stability at high-speed was found to be predictable.     

Two types of the enlargement of mitochondria related to apoptosis: simple swelling and the formation of megamitochondria

Our recent finding that free radical-induced formation of megamitochondria (MG) is followed by apoptosis has prompted us to investigate the correlation between the MG formation and the swelling of mitochondria which is considered to play a key role in early stages of apoptotic processes of the cell. Mitochondria of rat hepatocytes or RL-34 cells and those isolated from rat livers became enlarged up to three times in their diameters when they were exposed to a hypotonic medium. MG induced in the liver of rats placed on a 1% hydrazine-diet for 4-5 days or those induced in the liver of mice placed on a 2% chloramphenicol (CP)-diet for 9-10 days were endowed with a dense matrix whereas those fed with the toxic diets for longer periods of time became enlarged further and their matrix became extremely pale indicating that MG in the latter animals became swollen secondarily. The membrane potential, the content of cytochrome c and the rate of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of MG in the former animals were almost unchanged compared to those of mitochondria in control animals whereas those of MG in the latter animals became distinctly decreased. These results may suggest that free radical-induced MG possibly cause apoptosis via their secondary swelling.     

Field measurements and a study of transient state of polarization produced in OPGW by lightning

This paper describes field measurements of the transient state of polarization in an OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) caused by lightning. The polarization state and the polarization diversity characteristics of coherent communication under normal conditions are also discussed. Transient fluctuations of the polarization state were detected 51 times in two half months. These data were identified as due to lightning by comparing the time records with the data of LLS (Lightning Location System) and the records of power line trips. By analyzing waveforms of polarization states, it has been found that the rise time is 0.04 to 0.2 ms, which is consistent with the time‐to‐crest of the lightning current. The tail of the wave has decaying oscillations of 2 to 5 kHz with durations of 2 to 5 msec. The largest case of polarization shift is 165 degrees, which means that the polarization changes to almost the opposite state. By estimating the locations of lightning by LLS, we were able to confirm that polarization fluctuations are caused by lightning strikes within the range of 60 km from the observed OPGW. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(4): 55–64, 1999     

Enhancement of nasal clearance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae by oral immunization with outer membrane proteins

The effect of dietary Arg:Lys ratios and dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on growth and carcass parameters of Large White toms was evaluated in one experiment from 8 to 20 wk of age. Growth, feed conversion, and carcass composition were measured. All toms received a common basal diet from 0 to 8 wk of age. At 8 wk of age, 600 toms were randomly placed into 40 pens (15 toms per pen). The corn-soybean meal-based experimental diets were fed from 8 to 12, 12 to 16, and 16 to 20 wk of age and evaluated two Arg:Lys ratios (0.98 vs 1.22) and two DEB levels (148 vs 202 mEq/kg of diet) in a complete factorial arrangement. All experimental diets were pelleted. Composite samples of protein-contributing ingredients and complete experimental diets were analyzed for all amino acids, CP, DM, Cl, Na, and K. High and low average house temperature for the 8 to 20 wk period were 19 and 15 C, respectively. No interactions occurred between Arg:Lys ratios and DEB for any parameter measured except litter moisture. Increasing the Arg:Lys ratio improved 20-wk BW (P < or = 0.027) and 8 to 20 wk gain (P < or = 0.023). Feed:gain from 0 to 20 wk of age was decreased by increasing the Arg:Lys ratio (3.01 vs 2.94; P < or = 0.026) and by increasing the DEB (3.01 vs 2.95; P < or = 0.045). Dietary treatments did not affect mortality. Increasing DEB decreased cold carcass yield (P < or = 0.020). Total breast meat yield was increased (P < or = 0.076) by 1% in toms fed the diets containing the 1.22 Arg:Lys ratio vs toms fed diets containing the 0.98 Arg:Lys ratio. Toms responded favorably to increasing the Arg:Lys ratio for growth, feed conversion, and breast meat yield independent of DEB level.     

Electric stability of spatiotemporal stripe patterns formed by silver and antimony co-electrodeposition under the constant current mode

During Ag/Sb (silver and antimony) co-electrodeposition, various spatiotemporal patterns, which are similar to those in the reaction–diffusion system, are observed on the metal electrode surface. In our previous paper, we reported the phase diagram of several kinds of propagating stripe patterns as a function of constant current density, using an optical microscope. For several phases in the phase diagram, we discovered that the spatial bifurcation to two dynamic stripe patterns took place on the electrode surface at the initial stage of electrodeposition, and eventually, these two patterns transferred into one of the patterns in time. In this study, in order to compare the electric stability of such patterns, the potential time-evolution of each phase, in which the spatial bifurcation of patterns occurs, was investigated. From the experimental results, it was found that the patterns each have an inherent range or value of potential at which they are formed. However, the potential did not necessarily reach the value with low electric energy. Namely, this finding indicates that various other factors contribute to this phenomenon in addition to the electric stability.     

Two-dimensional elution map of GalNAc-containing N-linked oligosaccharides

We have previously published a two-dimensional (2-D) mapping technique for N-linked oligosaccharides using pyridylaminated derivatives (PA-oligosaccharides) (N. Tomiya et al. Anal. Biochem. 171, 73-90, 1988). We now report an extension of this method to GalNAc-containing N-linked oligosaccharides. The new 2-D map was prepared from the elution data of 40 different GalNAc-containing oligosaccharides, 16 of which were obtained directly from human urinary kallidinogenase by digestion with glycopeptidase A. The other 24 oligosaccharides were derived by subsequent digestion of the 16 original oligosaccharides with beta-galactosidase or alpha-fucosidase. Each of the 40 oligosaccharide derivatives was separated by high-performance liquid chromatography using ODS-silica and amide-silica columns. The 2-D map constructed by plotting elution position of each oligosaccharide (expressed in terms of glucose units) can be useful as such in delineating the structure of an unknown oligosaccharide by direct placement of its elution positions in the 2-D map. Multiple regression analysis of the data as performed previously yielded parameters related to the contribution of each component monosaccharide unit to the elution profile. The best results were obtained when the GalNAc-containing PA-oligosaccharides were classified into an F-series (those containing Fuc alpha 6GlcNAc-PA) and a Z-series (all others), based on our previous classification method. These calculated values are useful in predicting oligosaccharide structure from known elution values as well as to predict elution volumn from a known structure. The structure of a minor GalNAc-containing oligosaccharide in human urinary kallidinogenase was elucidated using these newly calculated values.     

Voltage distribution in multi-cascaded transformer

The voltage distribution for lightning surges in multicascaded transformers that will be used for converter transformers in self-excited dc transmission was studied using model transformers. There was good agreement between measured data and calculated results. It was shown that our calculation program has sufficient accuracy for estimating voltage distribution. Maximum voltages in high-voltage windings for lightning surges were below 120% and transfer voltages to the converting circuit were below about 5%. Therefore, there were no serious problems in cascaded transformers for lightning surges. However, their voltage distribution was not satisfactory when the same transformers were connected in cascade. We determined by a simulation that the distribution could be improved by modifying transformer structures according to their position in the cascade connection. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electr Eng Jpn, 122(1): 17–24, 1998     

Switching speed and power dissipation of planar-type Gunn diodes

The switching speed and power dissipation of planar-type Gunn diodes were investigated both by experiment and theoretical analysis. In the experiment, two-terminal planar-type Gunn diodes with various geometries were fabricated and their switching characteristics were measured under pulse and d.c. biased operations. Under pulse bias, a delay time of 60 psec and a power-delay product of 20 pJ were obtained with Gunn diodes having stick-type active region of 30 μm in length. Under d.c. bias, the geometry of the active region was carefully selected to optimize the trapezoid structure in order to achieve a stable operation, and a delay time of 80 psec and a power-delay product of 50 pJ were obtained. Theoretical analysis showed that the intrinsic delay time of the diodes is 15 psec and that by reducing the parasitic capacitance between the electrodes faster switching will be realized in the experiment.