Influence of Ultrasonic Waves on the Processing of Cotton with Cationic Softener

In recent years, the textile industry has been forced to develop new technologies to reduce energy and water consumption. The use of ultrasound in textile wet processing is one solution to this problem. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of ultrasonic energy on the processing of cotton with a cationic softener. For this purpose, cotton fabric was treated with a fatty acid amide derivative cationic softener in water using ultrasonic energy during treatment. The physical properties of the fabrics treated under different conditions are discussed. The results show that the treatment of fabrics with softeners in an ultrasound bath is more effective compared to conventional methods and that it enhances the physical properties of the cotton.     

通过双级固溶热处理制备新型高强Al−10.5Si−3.4Cu−0.2Mg合金

通过析出硬化提高Al?Si?Cu合金的力学性能.这些合金对时效硬化的反应非常缓慢.为了解决这一问题,在Al?10.5Si?3.4Cu合金中分别加入0.2％、0.4％和0.7％(质量分数)的镁.该新型合金在固溶处理阶段经过两种不同的析出硬化过程.结果表明,添加不同含量的镁可加速该合金对时效处理的响应,提高其硬度和强度.双...     

Platinum(VI) dihydroxo tetramesitylporphyrin; characterization and chemical reactivity

Tetramesitylporphyrin platinum(VI) dihydroxo complex, TMPPt(OH)₂ · 2 benzoate was synthesized by addition of two equivalent of meta-chloroperbenzoic acid molecules to the tetramesitylporphyrin platinum(II). This complex was characterized by X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods, and is capable to convert two molecules of triphenylphosphine to triphenylphosphine oxide.     

Global solution approaches in equilibrium and stability analysis using homotopy continuation in the complex domain

Recently, significant attention has been shown to physical and chemical equilibrium and stability analysis in the real and complex domains. In this work, a new procedure involving the continuation method in the complex domain using bifurcation theory is propounded. Based on this method, homotopy branches in real and complex space are connected to each other through bifurcation branches. Thus, by just one initial guess, multiple solution branches are found. When calculations are only made in the real domain, multiple solutions are not always found from an arbitrary initial guess. Examples are presented to show the application of the method to nonlinear sets of equations in phase equilibrium, chemical and phase equilibrium, and stability analysis. These types of problems are believed to contain significant nonlinearities in process simulations. The results can be applied to flowsheet calculations.     

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of Vernonia galamensis oil

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has been used to identify eight triacylglycerols (TAG) in Vernonia galamensis oil (VO). The TAG include trivernolin, divernoloylstearoylglycerol, divernoloyloleoylglycerol, vernoloyllinoleoylstearoylglycerol, vernoloyllinoleoyloleoylglycerol, and vernoloyldilinoleoylglycerol. Samples for the MALDI/TOF/MS analysis were prepared with alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (matrix) in an acetonitrile/tetrahydrofuran solvent system. A mol ratio of matrix/VO (44:1) gave reproducible composite spectra, resulting in resolutions greater than 8,000 and signal-to-noise ratios of above 1000 for the most abundant molecular species. 1,3-Dioleoyl-2-stearoylglycerol and 1,2-dioleoyl-3-palmitoylglycerol were used as calibration standards.     

Influence of Pulse Electrodeposition and Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Tribological, and Corrosion Behavior of Nano-Grain Size Co-W Coatings

In the present study, Co-W nano-structured alloy coatings are produced on low-carbon steel substrate by means of pulse electrodeposition from a citrate-based bath under different average current densities and duty cycles. The results indicate that the coating deposited under 60% of duty cycle and 1 A/dm² of average current density exhibit optimum pulse plating conditions with 44.38 wt.% W, 37 nm grain size, and 758 HV microhardness. The effect of heat treatment temperature on microstructure, composition, corrosion behavior, and morphology of amorphous deposited Co-W alloy with 44 wt.% W was investigated. The microhardness of the coating increased to 1052 HV after heat treatment at 600 °C, which is due to the formation of Co₃W and CoWO₄ phases in the deposit. Furthermore, the coatings heat-treated at 600 °C had lower friction coefficients and better wear resistance under various loads than before heating.     

Structural,rheological, and mechanical properties of ternary blends of PEN,PET, and liquid crystalline polymer

Structural, rheological, and mechanical properties of ternary blends of a liquid crystalline copolyester (LCP) composed of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid, poly(ehtylene naphthalate)(PEN), and poly(ethylene terephtalate) (PET) were investigated using capillary rheometry, tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Viscosity-shear rate behavior of the ternary blends is very similar to that of pure polymers and their binary blends. The activation energy of flows of the ternary blends was smaller than those of PEN and PET. Tensile modulus and strength of extruded strands of the blends increased with increasing LCP content. The extruded strands of the blends consist of a crystalline and oriented LCP phase and an amorphous and unoriented PEN/PET blended phase. Tensile mechanical properties and structures of the ternary blends were discussed.     

The isoxazolidines: the effects of steric factor and hydrophobic chain length on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic medium

Several new isoxazolidines having varying degree of steric environment and hydrophobic chain length, prepared efficiently using single-step nitrone cycloaddition reactions, are tested for corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M and 5 M HCl at 50-70 °C range by gravimetric and electrochemical methods. All compounds have shown very good corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE%) in acidic solution. Steric crowding around the nitrogen centres and hydrophobic chain lengths as well as increase in temperature (in the presence of the inhibitor in the higher concentration range 100-400 ppm) are found to increase the inhibition efficiency of the isoxazolidines. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°_ads, ΔH°_ads, ΔS°_ads) for the adsorption process and kinetic parameters for the metal dissolution (or hydrogen evolution) reaction in the presence of one of the isoxazolidines were determined. Experimental results agree with the Temkin adsorption isotherm. The inhibition of corrosion in 1 M HCl, influenced by both physi- and chemi-sorption, was found to be under mixed control, but predominantly under cathodic control.     

A modern congestion pricing policy for urban traffic: subsidy plus toll

Railway Engineering Science - Congestion pricing is seen as an effective policy to address traffic congestion. In such policies where money, people and authorities are involved, the success...     

Experimental investigation of the governing parameters in the electrospinning of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) scaffolds: Structural characteristics of the pores

We sought to determine the impact of electrospinning parameters on a trustworthy criterion that could evidently improve the maximum applicability of fibrous scaffolds for tissue regeneration. We used an image analysis technique to elucidate the web permeability index (WPI) by modeling the formation of electrospun scaffolds. Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) scaffolds were fabricated according to predetermined conditions of levels in a Taguchi orthogonal design. The material parameters were the polymer concentration, conductivity, and volatility of the solution. The processing parameters were the applied voltage and nozzle‐to‐collector distance. With a law to monitor the WPI values when the polymer concentration or the applied voltage was increased, the pore interconnectivity was decreased. The quality of the jet instability altered the pore numbers, areas, and other structural characteristics, all of which determined the scaffold porosity and aperture interconnectivity. An initial drastic increase was observed in the WPI values because of the chain entanglement phenomenon above a 6 wt % P3HB content. Although the solution mixture significantly (p < 0.05) changed the scaffold architectural characteristics as a function of the solution viscosity and surface tension, it had a minor impact on the WPI values. The solution mixture gained the third place of significance, and the distance was approved as the least important factor. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010