Spatial correlation in grain misorientation distribution

Grain misorientation was studied in relation to the nearest neighbor’s mutual distance using electron back-scattered diffraction measurements. The misorientation correlation function was defined as the probability density for the occurrence of a certain misorientation between pairs of grains separated by a certain distance. Scale-invariant spatial correlation between neighbor grains was manifested by a power law dependence of the preferred misorientation vs. inter-granular distance in various materials after diverse strain paths. The obtained negative scaling exponents were in the range of ?2 ± 0.3 for high-angle grain boundaries. The exponent decreased in the presence of low-angle grain boundaries or dynamic recrystallization, indicating faster decay of correlations. The correlations vanished in annealed materials. The results were interpreted in terms of lattice incompatibility and continuity conditions at the interface between neighboring grains. Grain-size effects on texture development, as well as the implications of such spatial correlations on texture modeling, were discussed.     

Neural network modeling and analysis of the material removal process during laser machining

To manufacture parts with nano- or micro-scale geometry using laser machining, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of the material removal process in order to control the system behaviour. At present, the operator must use trial-and-error methods to set the process control parameters related to the laser beam, motion system, and work piece material. In addition, dynamic characteristics of the process that cannot be controlled by the operator such as power density fluctuations, intensity distribution within the laser beam, and thermal effects can significantly influence the machining process and the quality of part geometry. This paper describes how a multi-layered neural network can be used to model the nonlinear laser micro-machining process in an effort to predict the level of pulse energy needed to create a dent or crater with the desired depth and diameter. Laser pulses of different energy levels are impinged on the surface of several test materials in order to investigate the effect of pulse energy on the resulting crater geometry and the volume of material removed. The experimentally acquired data is used to train and test the neural network's performance. The key system inputs for the process model are mean depth and mean diameter of the crater, and the system outputs are pulse energy, variance of depth and variance of diameter. This study demonstrates that the proposed neural network approach can predict the behaviour of the material removal process during laser machining to a high degree of accuracy.     

Feasibility study of carbon capture and storage on NLC India Ltd

India is one of the largest growing economies in the world. It has a GDP of 2487.94 billion US dollars as of 2017. Around 61.297% of power generation is by utilising abundantly available lignite blended with imported coal. India is slowly cutting out its demand for imported coal from other countries. It has built its own lignite-based power plant to overcome the need of imported coal. The impact on cost of electricity (COE) and net power output (NPO) after retrofitting carbon capture and storage (CCS) over a lignite-based power plant of India is analysed. In this paper, a feasibility study is carried out for NLC India Ltd Barsingsar power plant by retrofitting CCS. The results obtained from the Integrated Environmental Control Model (IECM) Software are positively strong enough to encourage CCS implementation. Various strategies for utilising the CO₂ capture and carbon storage sites are suggested.     

Effect of equal channel angular extrusion on wear and corrosion behavior of the orthopedic Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy in simulated body fluid

We report investigations on the texture, corrosion and wear behavior of ultra-fine grained (UFG) Ti–13Nb–Zr alloy, processed by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) technique, for biomedical applications. The microstructure obtained was characterized by X-ray line profile analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). We focus on the corrosion resistance and the fretting behavior, the main considerations for such biomaterials, in simulated body fluid. To this end, potentiodynamic polarization tests were carried out to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the UFG alloy in Hanks solution at 37 °C. The fretting wear behavior was carried out against bearing steel in the same conditions. The roughness of the samples was also measured to examine the effect of topography on the wear behavior of the samples. Our results showed that the ECAE process increases noticeably the performance of the alloy as orthopedic implant. Although no significant difference was observed in the fretting wear behavior, the corrosion resistance of the UFG alloy was found to be higher than the non-treated material.     

Single crystalline nickel nanorods inside carbon nanotubes: growth behavior, structure, and magnetic properties

Nickel nanorods with diameters ranging from 5 to 10 nm, encapsulated inside the carbon nanotubes, are prepared using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies reveal the perfect crystalline nature of the rods with d-spacing closely matching the (111) interplanar spacing of Ni. The (111) planes of the Ni nanorods are always aligned at 39.6 degrees with respect to the graphite planes of the nanotubes. The cosine component of the d-spacing along the direction of the graphite planes is found to be 1.6 A; exactly half the d-spacing between the graphite planes. The electron diffraction pattern shows clear spots corresponding to Ni structure. The field cooled and zero field cooled magnetization data reveal the reversibility of the magnetization of the Ni nanorods and show a blocking temperature of 195 K, which correspond to energy barrier of 0.4 eV/(V).     

Influence of crystallographic texture and microstructure on elastic modulus of steels

In this paper the effects of crystallographic texture and microstructure on the elastic modulus of different grades of steel have been collected from the available literature and put in one place. It is expected that this will help researchers in their understanding of both the fundamental and the practical aspects of the different grades of steel used for various purposes.

Dans cet article, on a recueilli à partir de la littérature disponible et rassemblé en un seul lieu les effets de la texture cristallographique et de la microstructure sur le module l’élasticité de différentes nuances d’acier. On s’attend à ce que cela aide les chercheurs dans leur compréhension tant des aspects fondamentaux que pratiques des différentes nuances d’acier utilisées à diverses fins.     

Phase Transformations in Third Generation Gamma Titanium Aluminides: Ti-45Al-(5, 10) Nb-0.2B-0.2C

Third generation γ-titanium aluminides with nominal compositions Ti–45Al–5Nb–0.2B–0.2C and Ti–45Al–10Nb–0.2B–0.2C were investigated to identify the phase transformation and their morphological stability with temperature. Electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were employed for the characterization of phases and for recording the corresponding transformations, respectively. It has been inferred that the order–disorder transformation temperatures α₂ → α increased with increasing Niobium (Nb), while the α-transus temperature decreases. The stability of the microstructure for both alloys with temperature were also investigated. Mass change measured for the heating rates 20 °C s⁻¹ and 30 °C s⁻¹ reveals that the alloy Ti–45Al–10Nb–0.2–0.2C shows stability up to 1100 °C, and the alloy Ti–45Al–5Nb–0.2B–0.2C is stable up to 900 °C. The orientation relationship between the phases indicates that with the change in shape of the α phase from lamellar to equiaxed, it deviates from the Blackburn orientation relationship.

     

Evolution of Microstructure and Texture During Deformation and Recrystallization of Heavily Rolled Cu-Cu Multilayer

A Cu-Cu multilayer processed by accumulative roll bonding was deformed to large strains and further annealed. The texture of the deformed Cu-Cu multilayer differs from the conventional fcc rolling textures in terms of higher fractions of Bs and RD-rotated cube components, compared with the volume fraction of Cu component. The elongated grain shape significantly affects the deformation characteristics. Characteristic microstructural features of both continuous dynamic recrystallization and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization were observed in the microtexture measurements. X-ray texture measurements of annealing of heavily deformed multilayer demonstrate constrained recrystallization and resulted in a bimodal grain size distribution in the annealed material at higher strains. The presence of cube- and BR-oriented grains in the deformed material confirms the oriented nucleation as the major influence on texture change during recrystallization. Persistence of cube component throughout the deformation is attributed to dynamic recrystallization. Evolution of RD-rotated cube is attributed to the deformation of cube components that evolve from dynamic recrystallization. The relaxation of strain components leads to Bs at larger strains. Further, the Bs component is found to recover rather than recrystallize during deformation. The presence of predominantly Cu and Bs orientations surrounding the interface layer suggests constrained annealing behavior.     

Texture and Microstructural Evolution in Pearlitic Steel During Triaxial Compression

This article presents the deformation behavior of high-strength pearlitic steel deformed by triaxial compression to achieve ultra-fine ferrite grain size with fragmented cementite. The consequent evolution of microstructure and texture has been studied using scanning electron microscopy, electron back-scatter diffraction, and X-ray diffraction. The synergistic effect of diffusion and deformation leads to the uniform dissolution of cementite at higher temperature. At lower temperature, significant grain refinement of ferrite phase occurs by deformation and exhibits a characteristic deformation texture. In contrast, the high-temperature deformed sample shows a weaker texture with cube component for the ferrite phase, indicating the occurrence of recrystallization. The different mechanisms responsible for the refinement of ferrite as well as the fragmentation of cementite and their interaction with each other have been analyzed. Viscoplastic self-consistent simulation was employed to understand deformation texture in the ferrite phase during triaxial compression.