Modelling the accuracy of image data reprojection

Data transformation and reprojection are required for integrating remotely sensed data and geographical information system data into one map projection. At global or continental scales, the reprojection procedure may bring significant distortion of original pixel values. This research investigated a scale factor model to explain the amount of distortion. Specifically, model results were compared with experimental results. Six possible reprojections among the Equal-area Cylindrical projection, the Mollweide projection, and the Sinusoidal projection were tested. Results showed that reprojection accuracy could be explained using the ratios of scale factor changes along vertical and horizontal axes between source and target projections. The reprojection accuracy was the reciprocal of the maximum scale factor change either along the vertical or horizontal axis. However, the model accuracy was very sensitive to the skew effect that leads to significant increase of accuracy. Spatial autocorrelation and the number of unique pixels were found to affect the accuracy of reprojection. Considering the increasing use of global and continental datasets, this research suggests that reprojection of raster image data should be performed very carefully.     

Nontoxic poly(ethylene oxide phosphonamidate) hydrogels as templates for biomimetic mineralization of calcium carbonate and hydroxyapatite architectures

A simple protocol has been developed for the creation of the biomimetic hybrid materials, calcium carbonate, and hydroxyapatite, by in situ growth and mineralization in newly developed nontoxic hydrogel templates. A series of poly(ethylene oxide phosphonamidate) hydrogels with different network structures were synthesized by reacting various poly(ethylene glycol)s with phosphorous oxychloride and diamines in a one-pot protocol, which exhibits promising advantages including a short reaction time, an easy separation, and a high yield with a mass producible feasibility. The hydrogels were proven to be nontoxic according to an in vitro viability assay using human embryonic kidney 293T cells. Careful control of growth and mineralization conditions such as ions transport rate, pH, type of hydrogel, and mineralization temperature resulted in a variety of calcium carbonate and hydroxylapatite architectures including nanorods, nanowires, and well-defined hybrid structures. The resulting materials were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopes, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction.     

Fabrication of Superjunction Trench Gate Power MOSFETs Using BSG‐Doped Deep Trench of p‐Pillar

In this paper, we propose a superjunction trench gate MOSFET (SJ TGMOSFET) fabricated through a simple p pillar forming process using deep trench and boron silicate glass doping process technology to reduce the process complexity. Throughout the various boron doping experiments, as well as the process simulations, we optimize the process conditions related with the p pillar depth, lateral boron doping concentration, and diffusion temperature. Compared with a conventional TGMOSFET, the potential of the SJ TGMOSFET is more uniformly distributed and widely spread in the bulk region of the n drift layer due to the trenched p‐pillar. The measured breakdown voltage of the SJ TGMOSFET is at least 28% more than that of a conventional device.     

Regioselective Synthesis of 1,2‐ and 1,4‐Dihydroquinolines by Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular N‐Arylation

A series of 1,2‐ and 1,4‐dihydroquinolines has been successfully prepared. The Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular N‐arylation of Z‐enamines, formally prepared by the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination, proceeded efficiently to furnish the cyclized products. Depending on the cyclization conditions, substituted 1,4‐dihydroquinolines and further isomerized 1,2‐dihydroquinolines were independently obtained in high yields with an excellent control of isomerization of the double bond.

     

Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylations of 1,2‐Azolo[1,5‐a]pyridines using Copper(I) Chloride as a Lewis Acid Activator and the Synthesis of 2,6‐Disubstituted Pyridines

A direct method for the arylation of 1,2‐azolo[1,5‐a]pyridines has been developed. In the process, the fused pyridines react with aryl halides in the presence of the palladium complex Pd(OAc)₂(Phen) as a catalyst and copper(I) chloride (CuCl) as a Lewis acid to form arylated derivatives. While pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines and [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines are arylated at ortho‐positions of their pyridine rings using this method, in situ ring‐opening of the formed C‐7 arylated [1,5‐a]pyridine takes place to generate the 2,6‐disubstituted pyridine. Also, upon treatment with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), C‐7 arylated pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐3‐carboxylates react to produce diversely substituted 2,6‐disubstituted pyridines. Finally, a sequential C‐3 arylation was accomplished through a two‐step sequence involving hydrolysis of pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐3‐carboxylates followed by the bimetallic Pd/Cu‐catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reaction with aryl bromide.

     

Computational Analysis of Oxide Ion Conduction in Orthorhombic Perovskite Structured La0.9A0.1InO2.95 (A = Ca,Sr and Ba)

Oxide ion conduction in orthorhombic perovskite structured oxides, La_0.9A_0.1InO_2.95 (A = Ca, Sr and Ba) is analyzed using molecular dynamics simulation. Factors influencing oxide ion conductivity of the compositions considered are analyzed using radial distribution function, bond energies between dopant and oxide ions, and the diffusion path. It is known that perovskite oxides with smaller ion size mismatch between host and dopant ions have higher electrical conductivities. However, exceptions exist, such as a La_0.9A_0.1InO_2.95 (A = Ca, Sr and Ba) system, where high electrical conductivities occur with large ion size mismatches. Based on this study, a dopant with smaller ion than host ion results in the formation of strong ionic bonds with oxide ions, suggesting that the A‐site dopant should be larger than the host ion for forming weaker O–A bonds. Consequently, the trade‐off between ion size mismatch and O–A bond needs to be considered for enhancing oxide ion conductivity of perovskite oxides.