An improved algorithm for diagnosis of system failures in the chemical process

The detailed techniques for improving the efficiency of a fault-diagnosis algorithm can be based on the signed directed graph. This graph represents the structure of the system, and the pattern on the graph represents a state of the system. The usefulness of the improved algorithm is demonstrated using a model of a chemical process comprising a reactor, a heat exchanger and a distillation tower.     

Design effects on the fretting wear behaviour of ball bearings

A change in design of a ball bearing is described based on the results of numerical and experimental analysis to reduce fretting wear. Increasing the radii of curvature of the inner and outer races by a small amount reduces the product of the relative slip δ and the tangential traction τ at the contact region, both of which are caused by Heathcote slip. This results in the consequent reduction in fretting wear because there is a good correlation between the amount of fretting wear and τδ. This prediction is confirmed experimentally by increasing the groove radius of the inner race from 4.02 to 4.21 mm for a ball of radius 3.97 mm.     

Role for cingulate motor area cells in voluntary movement selection based on reward

Most natural actions are chosen voluntarily from many possible choices. An action is often chosen based on the reward that it is expected to produce. What kind of cellular activity in which area of the cerebral cortex is involved in selecting an action according to the expected reward value? Results of an analysis in monkeys of cellular activity during the performance of reward-based motor selection and the effects of chemical inactivation are presented. We suggest that cells in the rostral cingulate motor area, one of the higher order motor areas in the cortex, play a part in processing the reward information for motor selection.     

Angiographical evaluation of extracranial carotid artery: comparison between Japanese and Hungarian

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method for local and selective tumour destruction achieved by the action of light on a photosensitizing drug. METHODS: We investigated the distribution of 5-amino-laevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin-IX fluorescence in rat oesophagus by fluorescence microscopic examination and then studied the effects of PDT. RESULTS: The highest level of fluorescence was achieved in the mucosa after 4 h of 300 mg/kg ALA administration. A clear difference in fluorescence between mucosa and muscularis was found in all samples except those taken 24 h after ALA administration. PDT with ALA caused destruction of the mucosal and, partly, submucosal layers of the oesophagus without damaging the muscularis layer. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results with microscopic fluorescence kinetics and the preliminary results of PDT, selective destruction of the superficial layer of the rat oesophagus is achieved with PDT after ALA administration.     

Fabrication of 8K4K organic EL panel using high‐mobility IGZO material

A 13.3‐inch 8k4k organic light‐emitting diode display based on a newly developed high‐mobility indium–gallium–zinc–oxide material was fabricated. It was found that the use of a higher‐mobility material decreases the scan driver size and power consumption. Furthermore, such oxide semiconductor layers with a buried channel structure can increase process stability and reliability.     

Solid-state source of atomic oxygen for low-temperature oxidation processes: application to pulsed laser deposition of TiO2:N films

An atomic oxygen (AO) source has been redesigned to coordinate with a pulsed laser deposition system and used to grow nitrogen-doped TiO(2) films by deposition of TiN and simultaneous irradiation of the substrate with AO. The AO source uses an incandescently heated thin tube of zirconia as an oxygen permeation media to generate pure AO of low kinetic energy. The emission flux is calibrated using a silver-coated quartz crystal microbalance. The thin shape of the probe and transverse emission geometry of this emission device allow the emission area to be positioned close to the substrate surface, enhancing the irradiation flux at the substrate. AO irradiation is crucial for formation of TiO(2) phases via oxidation of the deposited TiN laser plume, and is effective for decrease of the substrate temperature for crystallization of anatase phase to as low as around 200 °C.     

Fretting of glass

Fretting damage to a glass surface in contact with a steel ball was investigated. In the initial stage of fretting, severe wear occurred on the steel ball and considerable wear debris was transferred to the glass surface. The coefficient of friction increased during this stage by 80%. Fatigue cracks were observed on the glass surface under conditions of high normal load and tangential force. The mechanism of fretting fatigue and fretting wear is discussed in relation to a brittle material. Finally the effect of thin metal foil inserts in reducing fretting damage is described.     

An automatic class generation mechanism by using method integration

The paper presents a mechanism for automatically generating new classes from classes existing in a library by using their modification histories. To generate classes that are likely to meet a programmer's requirements and that are consistent with the existing classes, we propose three actors: a Specifier, a Finder, and an integrator. The Specifier records the history of modifications between methods with the same interface of a parent class and its heir. If the required method is not defined in the existing class which a programmer is referring to, the Finder retrieves classes similar to the referenced class and the Integrator applies the past modifications of similar classes to the referenced class. Classes are determined to be similar, based on their positions in a class hierarchy tree. Both the Specifier and Integrator are achieved by using a method integration algorithm based on object oriented bounded program slicing and class dependence graph matching. This mechanism enables programmers to reuse classes with little or no modification, and thus, easily create object oriented programs     

Ultrashallow junction formation by self-limiting LTP and its application to sub-65-nm node MOSFETs

We have developed a novel laser thermal process that dramatically enhances laser exposure windows by controlling the heating process in a self-limiting way. Key technology is realized by introducing a new process combination of preamorphization implantation and a heat absorber with a phase switch layer, and by optimizing them. The V/sub th/ rolloffs of MOSFETs formed by this method were remarkably improved compared to those by rapid thermal annealing when offset-spacer and halo-implantation processes were not applied. Its effectiveness was also verified in 50-nm gate complementary metal-oxide semiconductor devices for the first time by confirming that the drain current increased with laser fluence beyond the conventional exposure limit.