A plasticating model for single-screw extruders

By measuring the solid-bed transfer velocity, width and thickness under various conditions, die following results are obtained. As the result of melting, the solid bed decreases in width and thickness almost with the same rate, and the solid-bed transfer velocity is constant, while a melt layer exists between the solid bed and the screw root; also, when the phenomenon of dam-up occurs, caused by the combined effect of decreasing depth of the screw channel with tin insufficient decrease of solid-bed thickness, the transfer velocity increases proportional to the rate of decrease of channel depth. Consequently, the solid bed is considered to behave us loosely packed particles. A new plasticating model is developed by making the above results an assumption and adopting finite differential calculus with the Newton-Raphson method to obtain accurately the melting velocity, melt profile, and solid-bed temperature. Calculated values are in remarkably good agreement with the experimental values Solid-bed softening point, pressure, and screw torque are also successfully estimated.     

Chemical stabilization of gold coated by silver core-shell nanoparticles via electron transfer

Silver nanoparticles are notoriously susceptible to oxidation, yet gold nanoparticles coated in silver exhibit a unique electronic interaction that occurs at the interface of the two metals, leading to enhanced stability properties for the silver shell. In order to probe the phenomenon, the stability of gold nanoparticles coated by silver was studied in the presence of various chloride-containing electrolytes. It was found that a critical silver shell thickness of approximately 1 nm exists that cannot be oxidatively etched from the particle surface: this is in contrast to the observation of complete oxidative etching for monometallic silver nanoparticles. The results are discussed in terms of particle composition, structure and morphology before and after exposing the particles to the electrolytes. Raman analysis of the reporter molecule 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol adsorbed on the particle surface illustrates the feasibility of using gold coated by silver nanoparticle probes in sensing applications that require the presence of high levels of salt. The results provide insight into the manipulation of the electronic and stability properties for gold- and silver-based nanoparticles.     

Heterogeneous nucleation and growth mechanism on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface

Heterogeneous nucleation and nucleation period of calcium carbonate on the mica and the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate have been investigated. Calcium carbonate was prepared by the reaction of calcium nitrate solution with sodium carbonate solution. In the reaction crystallization of calcium carbonate, calcite and vaterite were nucleated on the both substrates. We counted the number of crystalline calcium carbonate on the substrates obtained from various initial supersaturations of calcium carbonate. The number of crystals on the mica surface was much higher than on the HOPG surface. Additionally, the number of crystals on the mica was greatly affected by changing of initial supersaturation. In order to explain the difference between the mica and the HOPG surface, a possible model for the nucleation period of calcium carbonate has been discussed. The surface crystallization on the mica and the HOPG could be described by considering the supersaturation in the bulk solution and in the vicinity of substrate, separately.     

Three-dimensional stress analysis of cracked satin woven carbon fiber reinforced/polymer composites under tension at cryogenic temperatures

We present a thermo-mechanical stress analysis for five harness satin (5HS) woven carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite laminates with cracks under tension at cryogenic temperatures. The three-dimensional finite element model assumes the cracks to be located in the transverse fiber bundles and to span the thickness of the fiber bundles. Numerical calculations are carried out, and the Young’s modulus and stress distributions near the crack fronts for two-layer and infinite-layer woven composite laminates are obtained and shown in graphical form. Results of this analysis demonstrate the effects of the residual thermal stresses and cracks on the mechanical behavior.     

放射性廃棄物量を低減するための低放射化材料の開発(英文)

原子炉などの施設が寿命を迎えると莫大な量の放射性廃棄物が発生する.であるのであらかじめ設計段階から廃棄物が出ないようなプランが必要である.その方法は(1)セメント·骨材·鉄筋などのマテリアルデータベース、(2)データベースに基いた低放射化セメント·鉄筋などの製造·採用、(3)原子炉遮蔽壁などへの施工·解体の最適化から生まれる.低放射化骨材·セメント·混和材量により低放射化コンクリートは可能になる.それらを適切に組み合わせることにより、従来型の原子炉壁使用コンクリートの1/10,1/20,1/30,...,1/1000,1/3000,1/10 000の低放射化が計れる.1/10,の低放射化とは仮想安山岩を骨材とした普通コンクリートをベースに計算される.そしてこれらは改良型BWRあるいはPWR原子炉用コンクリートに用いた場合、解体時のクリアランスレベル以下に廃棄物をすることが期待される.低放射化コンクリートを製造するために肝心なことは、放射化しやすい核種を含まないことであり、それは低放射化セメントや石灰石骨材を用いたり、高炉スラグや石炭灰を用いないことである.放射化しやすい各種とはEuとCoである.