Rapid degradation characteristics of an air-cooled PEMFC stack

Durability is one of the obstacles to the large-scale commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks. Understanding its decay behavior is a prerequisite for improving durability. In this study, rapid degradation characteristics of an air-cooled PEMFC stack are investigated. Due to the simultaneous presence of various degradation sources, the maximum power of the PEMFC stack has been reduced by 39.6% after just 74.6 h of operations. Performance degradation characteristics are sought by analyzing the cell voltage, temperature distribution, ion chromatography, and surface morphology of the gas diffusion layer. The result shows that abnormal cell voltage and temperature distribution can reflect the problematic location. The fluoride ion emission rate is 0.111 mg/day, which proves that the membrane has been seriously degraded. Contact angle reduction and impurities attached to the surface of the gas diffusion layer lead to the water management failure. It is also found that the main factor for performance degradation could be different under different current conditions. And more information can be found under higher current conditions during monitoring the decay of PEMFCs. This study helps to deepen the understanding of performance degradation characteristics.     

基于透平静叶栅的气液两相流模化试验系统研制

建立了国内第一台基于实际透平湿蒸汽级静叶栅型线的气液两相流动试验台,基本可以完整模拟静叶栅内气液两相流中水相的演变过程,包括水膜的形成、运动及撕裂,粗糙水滴的二次雾化等。还研制了用光学方法测量叶栅前后有关水滴尺寸及其分布的一系列辅助装置。结果表明试验装置和测试系统十分有效。     

马斯京根法在黄河吴堡—龙门区间洪水演算中的应用

针对黄河吴堡龙门区间(吴龙区间)洪水陡涨陡落的洪水特性和多支流的水系特点,采用马斯京根分段连续演算法模拟黄河吴龙区间洪水过程,建立了基于先合后演法的洪水演算方案,给出了分段初始流量确定方法,并制定了支流洪水处理方案,采用实测期与预报期实测洪水资料率定和检验参数,结果表明洪水模拟精度较高。     

天津地区太阳能、土壤热源的性能研究

以天津地区气象资料和实验结果为依据，研究天津地区冬季太阳能、土壤热源性能，为研制太阳能－土壤热源热泵提供可行性依据。太阳能－土壤热泵系统采用太阳能热泵和土壤热泵交替使用的方式，是很有前途的热泵系统。     

A critical review of two-phase flow in gas flow channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Water management in PEM fuel cells has received extensive attention due to its key role in fuel cell performance. The unavoidable water, from humidified gas streams and electrochemical reaction, leads to gas-liquid two-phase flow in the flow channels of fuel cells. The presence of two-phase flow increases the complexity in water management in PEM fuel cells, which remains a challenging hurdle in the commercialization of this technology. Unique water emergence from the gas diffusion layer, which is different from conventional gas-liquid two-phase flow where water is introduced from the inlet together with the gas, leads to different gas-liquid flow behaviors, including pressure drop, flow pattern, and liquid holdup along flow field channels. These parameters are critical in flow field design and fuel cell operation and therefore two-phase flow has received increasing attention in recent years. This review emphasizes gas-liquid two-phase flow in minichannels or microchannels related to PEM fuel cell applications. In situ and ex situ experimental setups have been utilized to visualize and quantify two-phase flow phenomena in terms of flow regime maps, flow maldistribution, and pressure drop measurements. Work should continue to make the results more relevant for operating PEM fuel cells. Numerical simulations have progressed greatly, but conditions relevant to the length scales and time scales experienced by an operating fuel cell have not been realized. Several mitigation strategies exist to deal with two-phase flow, but often at the expense of overall cell performance due to parasitic power losses. Thus, experimentation and simulation must continue to progress in order to develop a full understanding of two-phase flow phenomena so that meaningful mitigation strategies can be implemented.     

汽油发动机电控系统的应用研究

汽油机电控系统，不仅具备适应发动机各种工况变化的燃油喷射控制功能，还能对电子点火，怠速转速等进行控制。且详细介绍了系统的结构，各功能的控制原理及方法，并给出较理想的试验结果。     

Perovskite ceramic oxide as an efficient electrocatalyst for nitrogen fixation

The electrochemical conversion of N₂ to NH₃ is an interesting research topic as it provided an alternative and energy-saving method compared with the traditional way of NH₃ production. Although different materials have been proposed for N₂ reduction, the use of defects in oxides was only reported recently and the relevant working mechanism was not fully revealed. In this study, Sr was used as the dopant for LaFeO₃ to create oxygen vacancies, forming the Sr-doped LFO (La_0.5Sr_0.5FeO_3-δ) perovskite oxide. The La_0.5Sr_0.5FeO_3-δ ceramic oxide used as a catalyst achieves an NH₃ yield of 11.51 μgh^?1 mg^?1 and the desirable faradic efficiency (F.E.) of 0.54% at ?0.6 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which surpassed that of LaFeO₃ nanoparticles. The ¹⁵N isotope labeling method was employed to prove the La_0.5Sr_0.5FeO_3-δ catalyst had the function of converting N₂ into NH₃ under the electrolysis condition. The first principle calculations were used to investigate the mechanism at the atomistic level, revealing that the free energy barriers changed significantly with the introduction of oxygen vacancies that accelerated the overall nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) procedure.     

柴油机喷雾蒸发混合和燃烧的数值模拟

应用一个准维多区模型对柴油机喷雾的蒸发、混合和燃烧进行了数值模拟,提出了求解燃油蒸发过程的油滴直径瞬时变化的简单代数方程,考虑了碰壁对喷雾射流贯穿的影响。并对一台直喷式柴油机的燃烧过程进行了计算,计算结果与试验值符合较好。     

多层膜自持反应的数值模拟

采用有限差分法对Al/Ni多层膜的自持反应历程进行了数值模拟,研究了多层膜反应时的反应温度、速度以及反应区形状与宽度。结果表明:Al单层厚度为10nm的Al/Ni多层膜建立自持反应的时间约为0.01ms,且此时间随Al单层厚度增大而增加。稳定传播之前的反应速度较快,反应区宽度较之稳定传播后窄;稳定传播后,反应区宽度不再变化;此外,反应区由于预混层的存在呈现U形,与试验结果吻合。     

基于多体动力学的连杆强度分析

连杆作为发动机最重要的零部件之一,工作过程中受急剧变化的动载荷影响,容易发生断裂失效,必须具有较高的强度和可靠性。采用多体动力学仿真进行边界条件求解,确定连杆的最大压载荷和最大拉载荷,在此基础上进行静强度计算得到三个工况下的应力分布,计算出危险截面的安全系数。分析结果表明连杆在4000 r/min时承受载荷最大,在此工况下应力集中截面为连杆小头与杆身过渡处、连杆大头与杆身过渡处、油孔及小头孔内部下半部分,最大应力值为641Mpa,在材料许用应力范围内。几个危险截面中安全系数最小为1.34,设计安全,并具有一定的强度储备。