Ermittlung des Aufbaus und der Stoffkennwerte von Außenbauteilen mit Hilfe von In‐situ‐Messungen und FEM‐Berechnungen

Determination of the construction and the material identity values of outside building components with the help of in‐situ measuring procedures and FEM‐simulation calculations. The aims formulated nationwide and internationally to the climate protection can be achieved by combining of the energy‐efficient construction and rehabilitation of the existing buildings. Knowledge about the construction and the material identity values of the warmth‐transferring outside components is a condition for the energetic balance of buildings. The essential information to this can frequently be no more taken from the construction documents particularly for older buildings since they are no longer traceable or incomplete. At the example by univalve and bivalve out‐wall construction it is shown that the thermophysical qualities can be determined with the help of in‐situ measuring procedures and FE‐simulation calculations without destruction.     

Axis-free correction of astigmatism using bifocal soft contact lenses

Purpose

Pilot study to investigate the feasibility of an axis-free correction approach of regular astigmatism using soft, bifocal contact lenses (CL).

Improving particle size distribution and flow properties of milk chocolate produced by ball mill and blending

Chocolate mass is produced by roller refining and conching or alternatively by ball milling. Grinding can generate varying particle size distributions (PSD), which again influence flow parameters. The latter are very important for downstream processing as well as mouthfeel and consumer acceptance of the final product. The objective of the work was to influence and control PSD and flow properties of ball mill chocolate. Various milk chocolate samples were produced in laboratory and pilot scale, and their PSD and flow properties were measured. First, it was tried to pre-grind milk and cocoa particles to very small size and then to produce coarser sugar particles in order to achieve a bimodal PSD. This should increase package density, which makes more fat available for the flow process. The attempt did not work very well for various practical reasons. Secondly, when instead fine and coarse fractions of the same particle composition were blended, it was possible to achieve bimodal PSDs as they are known from roller-refined products. The lowest values for flow parameters were achieved with a mix of 63 % coarse and 37 % fine particles as predicted in the literature. Thirdly, it was tested to blend roller-refined and ball-milled samples. It was possible to use one-third of the latter without considerably changing flow properties. This opens up various practical possibilities for the industry, e.g. line extension and productivity increase with relatively little effort and investment.     

Dose-response feeding study of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in laying hens: effects on laying performance and tissue distribution, accumulation and elimination kinetics

Technical short chain chlorinated paraffins (C10-C13 with 60% chlorine) were fed to 93 laying hens from 24 to 32 weeks of age in increasing concentrations of up to 100 mg/kg feed. No significant influence on health, relative organ weights or performance (laying intensity, egg weight, feed consumption) was noted. The chlorinated paraffin content of the tissues was linearly related to the concentration of short chain paraffins of the feed. The highest concentrations were found in abdominal fat, egg yolk and fatty tissues. Breast muscle, egg albumen and bile fluid contained minimal or no residues. Less than 1% of the chlorinated paraffins ingested were incorporated into the body (without head, feet, gut and feathers), whereas about 1.5% were eliminated with the egg yolk and 30% were excreted with urine and faeces. A six-week kinetic depuration study revealed a biphasic elimination with half-lifes of 4-40 min (liver, kidneys, legs, fat, blood) for the initial rapid phase, and 15-30 days (blood, fat, liver, yolk, kidneys, legs) for the terminal slow phase.     

Leveraging federal research and development for united states science and technology

Summary The United States continues to depend heavily on science and technology for ensuring its defense needs, promoting human welfare, and enhancing its economic competitiveness. I hope that my comments have helped to reinforce the point that we, as a nation, must do a better job of leveraging the federal investment in R & D. I have used examples in materials science and engineering to illustrate how this can be done, because materials science and engineering are crucial to our security and competitiveness, as pointed out in the National Research Council’s report. I also took the liberty of telling you about the broad diversity of the materials program at Los Alamos by picking my examples from Los Alamos’ work. In closing, I recognize fully that what I have discussed today is only part of what is required to maintain national security and enhance competitiveness. I believe that, first and foremost, we must get United States industry back into the lead. And the United States government must address the macroeconomic issues and deal with the crisis in education as well. But I also believe that Los Alamos can help in leveraging the federal R & D investment.     

Photoinitiated cationic oligomerization of terminal and internal epoxides

The iodonium salt‐catalyzed, photoinduced cationic oligomerization of terminal and internal monoepoxides from oleochemical as well as the petrochemical origin was studied. The ring‐opening of terminal epoxides (1,2‐octene oxide, phenyl glycidyl ether, 9,10‐epoxy decanoic acid methyl ester and 10,11‐epoxy undecanoic acid methyl ester) predominantly led to macrocyclic oligoethers (M_n = 650—1,100 g/mol) via backbiting in quantitative yields. Mixtures of cyclic and bishydroxy‐terminated oligoethers (M_n = 1,050—1,500 g/mol) were achieved by the conversion of internal epoxides (7,8‐tetradecene oxide and cis‐9,10‐epoxy octadecanoic acid methyl ester) in yields of 80—95%. Macrocyclization was completely suppressed by addition of 20 mol‐% water or ethylene glycol receiving diol‐oligoethers for potential application as soft segments for polyurethanes with molecular weights of approximately 1,300 g/mol.     

N-Unsubstituted Sulfenamides by Electrophilic Amination of mercapto compounds

Potential mercapto compounds derived from electron deficient heterocycles as 2- and 4-thiouracils, pyridines and pyridine-1-oxide are aminated by the oxaziridine 1 to new sulfenamides ( 6, 9, 11 and 15 or the isothiazolo-pyridine 14 ) which add to phenylisocyanates forming sulfenylureas ( 7, 10, 12 and 16 ). Several other mercapto compounds gave disulfides. Attempts of oxidation of the sulfenamides and the sulfenylureas were unsuccessful. The methylmercapto compound 19 after amination was hydrolyzed to the sulfoxide 20 .