Kontrolle des Internethandels mit Lebensmitteln: Abgrenzung bei Borderline-Produkten und Ans?tze f��r effektive Kontrollstrategien

An interdisciplinary team comprising experts in law, food chemistry and pharmacy, studied the requirements for food surveillance focusing on new forms of trade. In online marketing, the classification of products in categories that are regulated by food laws (i.e., foods, cosmetic products and other commodities) is often problematic, particularly for borderline products. In order to facilitate this classification based on the information provided online, we have established a decision tree. Moreover, existing regulations for sampling are only partially applicable to the new forms of marketing. It must be taken into account that sampling can be manipulated, if specimens are simply ordered by the responsible authority. Furthermore it is not feasible to leave behind samples for a supplementary expert opinion. Therefore a new policy framework is required that allows online sampling - anonymously in suspicious cases. Further suggestions include establishing a central register for online vendors as well as the necessity to present mandatory food information in a conspicuous place before the purchase is concluded. Future law amendments need to be implemented in a sophisticated manner taken into account the realities of online marketing. National regulations in Germany could be established prior to EU-wide regulations. Finally the legislative body must make sure not to privilege or penalize online vendors with respect to conventional trade. We propose complementary measures that include improved risk communication provisions for consumers as well as a certified seal of approval for registered businesses.     

Identifying fouling events in a membrane-based drinking water treatment process using principal component analysis of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices

The identification of key foulants and the provision of early warning of high fouling events for drinking water treatment membrane processes is crucial for the development of effective countermeasures to membrane fouling, such as pretreatment. Principal foulants include organic, colloidal and particulate matter present in the membrane feed water. In this research, principal component analysis (PCA) of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) was identified as a viable tool for monitoring the performance of pre-treatment stages (in this case biological filtration), as well as ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane systems. In addition, fluorescence EEM-based principal component (PC) score plots, generated using the fluorescence EEMs obtained after just 1 hour of UF or NF operation, could be related to high fouling events likely caused by elevated levels of particulate/colloid-like material in the biofilter effluents. The fluorescence EEM-based PCA approach presented here is sensitive enough to be used at low organic carbon levels and has potential as an early detection method to identify high fouling events, allowing appropriate operational countermeasures to be taken.     

Flow shop scheduling with flexible processing times

OR Spectrum - In numerous flow shop variants, the processing times of the operations are not fixed in advance, but may be distributed with some flexibility among the machines. In this paper, we...     

Enzymatische Freisetzung von Reaktivfarbstoffen aus Fischorganen

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur Freisetzung von Reaktivfarbstoffen beschrieben, die bei Akkumulationsversuchen mit Fischen an das Organmaterial gebunden werden und ohne unspezifischen und daher weitgehenden Abbau des Proteins nicht quantitativ analytisch erfaßt werden können. Es wird die Abtrennung der freigesetzten Farbstoffe aus den Hydrolysaten und ihre quantitative Bestimmung beschrieben.

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Enzymatic separation of reactive dyes from fish tissue

Summary A procedure has been described for the isolation of reactive dyes that stick to the fish tissue after accumulation tests. The dyes cannot be determined quantitatively without unspecific and therefore complete destruction of the protein. The separation of the dyes released into solution and their quantitative determination is carried out following methods already published.

     

Lessons from probiotic-host interaction studies in murine models of experimental colitis

In inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), it is known that besides genetic and environmental factors (e.g. diet, drugs, stress), the microbiota play an important role in the pathogenesis. Patients with IBD have an altered microbiota (dysbiosis) and therefore, probiotics, defined as 'live micro-organisms that when administered in adequate amounts can confer a health benefit on the host', have been suggested as nutritional supplements to restore these imbalances. The best response on probiotics among the different types of IBD appears to be in the case of ulcerative colitis. Although probiotics show promise in IBD in both clinical and animal studies, further mechanistic studies are necessary to optimize the use of probiotics as supporting therapy in IBD. Murine models of experimental colitis have been used for decades to study this pathology, and these models have been proven useful to search for new therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this review is to summarize probiotic-host interaction studies in murine models of experimental colitis and to evaluate how these models can further help in understanding these complex interactions. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects will assist in better and possibly more efficient probiotic formulations.     

乌伯林根康斯坦茨湖的空间实验——德国G住宅,2009

虽然建造符合成本效益的多层住宅建筑的发展趋势不同,前正在德语国家开发项目中推行。康斯坦茨湖边的独栋G住宅是一值,而且更为重视住宅的体验价值。这些可变的居住空间没有明确通过对自身居住环境的积极设计,让使用者营造自己的住宅。     

Yttrium Silicate Coatings on Chemical Vapor Deposition-SiC-Precoated C/C–SiC: Thermodynamic Assessment and High-Temperature Investigation

Yttrium silicates are promising materials for improved oxidation and erosion protection for carbon fiber-reinforced composites. A two-layer coating system of low-pressure plasma-sprayed yttrium silicate on chemical vapor deposition-SiC-precoated C/C–SiC was tested under atmospheric re-entry conditions simulated within a plasma wind tunnel test facility. The thermal expansion behavior of Y₂SiO₅ and Y₂Si₂O₇ was investigated. The chemical compatibility with and without increasing oxygen partial pressure at the interface of the two-layer system was calculated by the CALPHAD method. The calculations were compared with experimental results. Furthermore, a thermodynamic explanation is presented to understand and predict the observed coating failure mechanism, identified as blister formation.     

Re-examination of the post-transit photocurrents in expanding-thermal-plasma-grown a-Si : H

The interpretation of post-transit photocurrents in a time-of-flight experiment, in terms of the underlying density of localized gap states in the sample, is questioned for the case of previously examined hydrogenated amorphous silicon cells prepared by the expanding thermal plasma technique. Part of the observed current is not generated by re-emission of trapped photo-generated charge and should, therefore, not be used for density-of-states calculations.