Sugar-Fat Seesaw: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Further to reports of a reciprocal relationship between sugar and fat intakes, this review aimed to provide an in-depth analysis and to determine the likely influence of this relationship on the achievement of population dietary guidelines. Using systematic methods, relevant literature was selected according to preset criteria.

A strong and consistent inverse association was found between total sugars and total fat intakes expressed as percentage energy. Fewer studies considered absolute intakes and these reported a positive relationship, which may be influenced by confounding with energy intakes. Evidence for an inverse relationship between percentage energy from fat and extrinsic sugars was weaker and less consistent than for fat and total sugars. Reciprocal relationships were also observed for sugar-saturated fat, sugar?protein, sugar?alcohol, and sugar?starch expressed as percentage energy. Under-reporting of dietary intakes had no major influence on the findings.

This review confirms the existence of the sugar?fat seesaw on a percentage energy basis and concludes that it is most likely explained by a combination of mathematical and food compositional effects. This finding is relevant because dietary guidelines are expressed as percentage energy and implies that at the population level multiple guidelines may be difficult to achieve in practice.     

Nutrients in selected foods from the orkney Islands©

Fifty-seven samples of 10 vegetables and cereal products from the Orkney Islands were analysed for iron, copper and zinc. Twenty-seven samples of all foods except beremeal were also assayed for thiamin, pyridoxine, vitamin C and total folate. Copper was found to be low in comparison to published values and the levels of iron and zinc were marginally lower for some vegetables. Thiamin levels in most vegetables and in the local speciality bread, ‘bannocks’, were also lower than published figures. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.     

新型生物活性纤维素纤维

Lenzing公司的最新研制工作显示,有可能获得具有生物活性的Tencel和粘胶纤维.把特殊的添加剂加入纺丝溶液,或用这些添加剂处理纤维,可获得具有生物活性的人造纤维素纤维.用多糖"壳聚糖"改性纤维,能够研制生物活性Tencel纤维.把特殊的树脂加入粘胶纺丝液中,能获得具有离子交换性能的纤维.这些纤维用锌或银离子进行补充处理,呈现了研制具有生物活性的粘胶纤维的可能性.讨论了生物活性纤维素纤维的性能,用这些纤维制作非织造材料的可能性以及这些纤维在非织造材料中的潜在用途.     

Cold Atmospheric Plasma Changes the Amino Acid Composition of Solutions and Influences the Anti-Tumor Effect on Melanoma Cells

Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) is an ionized gas near room temperature. Its anti-tumor effect can be transmitted either by direct treatment or mediated by a plasma-treated solution (PTS), such as treated standard cell culture medium, which contains different amino acids, inorganic salts, vitamins and other substances. Despite extensive research, the active components in PTS and its molecular or cellular mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The purpose of this study was the measurement of the reactive species in PTS and their effect on tumor cells using different plasma modes and treatment durations. The PTS analysis yielded mode- and dose-dependent differences in the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), and in the decomposition and modification of the amino acids Tyrosine (Tyr) and Tryptophan (Trp). The Trp metabolites Formylkynurenine (FKyn) and Kynurenine (Kyn) were produced in PTS with the 4 kHz (oxygen) mode, inducing apoptosis in Mel Im melanoma cells. Nitrated derivatives of Trp and Tyr were formed in the 8 kHz (nitrogen) mode, elevating the p16 mRNA expression and senescence-associated ß-Galactosidase staining. In conclusion, the plasma mode has a strong impact on the composition of the active components in PTS and affects its anti-tumor mechanism. These findings are of decisive importance for the development of plasma devices and the effectiveness of tumor treatment.     

VT1--一种适用于中国的无级变速器

本文介绍了ZFST的VT1型无级变速器及与常规自动变速器相比所具有的优点.并介绍了电控型VT1和进一步开发的过程.     

Oxidative Stress Response’s Kinetics after 60 Minutes at Different (30% or 100%) Normobaric Hyperoxia Exposures

Oxygen is a powerful trigger for cellular reactions and is used in many pathologies, including oxidative stress. However, the effects of oxygen over time and at different partial pressures remain poorly understood. In this study, the metabolic responses of normobaric oxygen intake for 1 h to mild (30%) and high (100%) inspired fractions were investigated. Fourteen healthy non-smoking subjects (7 males and 7 females; age: 29.9 ± 11.1 years, height: 168.2 ± 9.37 cm; weight: 64.4 ± 12.3 kg; BMI: 22.7 ± 4.1) were randomly assigned in the two groups. Blood samples were taken before the intake at 30 min, 2 h, 8 h, 24 h, and 48 h after the single oxygen exposure. The level of oxidation was evaluated by the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the levels of isoprostane. Antioxidant reactions were observed by total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). The inflammatory response was measured using interleukin-6 (IL-6), neopterin, creatinine, and urates. Oxidation markers increased from 30 min on to reach a peak at 8 h. From 8 h post intake, the markers of inflammation took over, and more significantly with 100% than with 30%. This study suggests a biphasic response over time characterized by an initial “permissive oxidation” followed by increased inflammation. The antioxidant protection system seems not to be the leading actor in the first place. The kinetics of enzymatic reactions need to be better studied to establish therapeutic, training, or rehabilitation protocols aiming at a more targeted use of oxygen.