Ordinary Gasoline Emissions Induce a Toxic Response in Bronchial Cells Grown at Air-Liquid Interface

Gasoline engine emissions have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans and represent a significant health risk. In this study, we used MucilAir™, a three-dimensional (3D) model of the human airway, and BEAS-2B, cells originating from the human bronchial epithelium, grown at the air-liquid interface to assess the toxicity of ordinary gasoline exhaust produced by a direct injection spark ignition engine. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), production of mucin, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and adenylate kinase (AK) activities were analyzed after one day and five days of exposure. The induction of double-stranded DNA breaks was measured by the detection of histone H2AX phosphorylation. Next-generation sequencing was used to analyze the modulation of expression of the relevant 370 genes. The exposure to gasoline emissions affected the integrity, as well as LDH and AK leakage in the 3D model, particularly after longer exposure periods. Mucin production was mostly decreased with the exception of longer BEAS-2B treatment, for which a significant increase was detected. DNA damage was detected after five days of exposure in the 3D model, but not in BEAS-2B cells. The expression of CYP1A1 and GSTA3 was modulated in MucilAir™ tissues after 5 days of treatment. In BEAS-2B cells, the expression of 39 mRNAs was affected after short exposure, most of them were upregulated. The five days of exposure modulated the expression of 11 genes in this cell line. In conclusion, the ordinary gasoline emissions induced a toxic response in MucilAir™. In BEAS-2B cells, the biological response was less pronounced, mostly limited to gene expression changes.     

新型干法水泥厂窑尾塔架的结构选型

近十年来,由于大规模水泥厂窑尾塔架跨度大,单根梁柱的内力大,钢结构梁柱和钢管混凝土柱因其特有的性能优势得到了广泛的应用。结合近30年的工程实践,总结了新型干法水泥窑窑尾塔架设计的结构选型,分析了在不同背景条件下窑尾塔架各种结构形式的适用范围和性能特点。     

Mechanical,Thermal, and Morphological Behavior of Silicone Rubber during Accelerated Aging

An accelerated aging study on silicone rubber exploring the effects of exposure to a functional oil (polyalkylene glycol) at elevated temperature (195°C) is reported in this paper. Variations in mechanical (tensile, tear, hardness) and thermal (conductivity, specific heat capacity) properties were monitored versus aging time while permanent deformation of the rubber was evaluated through creep and recovery measurements. Morphology and surface chemistry of the aged rubber were also investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. Aging had a significant impact on the mechanical properties with the ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break decreasing from 7.4?MPa and 2250% in unaged samples to 1.5?MPa and 760% in 6-week aged samples, respectively. The tear strength and hardness exhibited an initial increase during the early stages of aging, followed by a decreasing trend. In contrast, the thermal properties did not change significantly and FTIR did not detect any changes in the surface chemistry of the rubber with aging. SEM however, provided evidence of an increase in brittle behavior from the morphology of the fractured surfaces.     

Avoidance of stiction in the release of highly boron doped micro-actuators fabricated using BESOI substrates

This paper presents a new technique which has been successfully applied to the fabrication of micromachined components to avoid the ‘device stiction’ often encountered during the final processing steps of micro-fabrication. Based on the use of BESOI substrates, this technique involves the heavy boron doping of the final processed structure, followed by a timed wet etch which releases the micromachined device by controllably lowering the undoped Si substrate beneath it.     

Modeling of gas diffusion layers with curved fibers using a genetic algorithm

This paper presents a methodology for modeling microstructures of fibrous porous media with curved fibers. The developed methodology utilizes implicit periodic surface model coupled with the genetic algorithm (GA) optimization to construct the porous microstructures. The fibers profile is represented by the periodic implicit surfaces and their orientation and curvature are determined by GA optimization. To reconstruct the microstructures with higher resemblance to the actual porous media GA is utilized to minimize the fibers stored strain energy and their intersection volumes. Coupling the image processing techniques to the geometry construction procedure the morphological and transport properties of the constructed microstructures are also determined. To verify the feasibility and the accuracy of the proposed methodology the microstructure of Freudenberg H2315 GDL is constructed and characterized. The presented methodology enables a parametric design approach. Thus, the effects of the microstructure's properties e.g., fibers diameter, fibers orientation and porosity of the porous structure on the transport properties of the fibrous media are investigated.     

合川地区低孔低渗砂岩储层含水饱和度的评价方法

合川地区上三叠统须家河组二段气藏属低孔低渗气藏,其储层孔喉结构复杂,造成了含水饱和度计算不准的问题。为此,研究了储层岩性、物性、孔喉结构和地层水特征对含水饱和度的影响,认为储层特征致使含水饱和度复杂多变,增加了储层含水饱和度的定量评价难度;以测井地质应用技术为指导,用核磁共振测井资料检验所求取的含水饱和度精度,探讨了Archie公式、Simandoux公式和印度尼西亚公式所建立的3种含水饱和度模型在合川地区复杂地质条件下的应用效果和影响因素。实践表明:Simandoux公式的解释结果与核磁测井含水饱和度值误差在-6.1%～2.6%,更加适合于研究区复杂地质条件下泥质砂岩含水饱和度的求取,为该区低孔低渗砂岩气藏勘探开发提供了技术支持;在没有适合于所有储层的含水饱和度模型情况下,油气田勘探开发时尽可能结合油气藏的储层特征多选用几种含水饱和度模型进行试算与分析,然后选取其中最适合的来应用。     

Influence of machining parameters and new nano-coated tool on drilling performance of CFRP/Aluminium sandwich

Drilling and fastening of hybrid materials in one-shot operation reduces cycle time of assembly of aerospace structures. One of the most common problems encountered in automatic drilling and riveting of multimaterial is that the continuous chips curl up on the body of the tool. Drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is manageable, but when the minute drill hits the aluminium (Al) or titanium (Ti), the hot and continuous chips produced during machining considerably damage the CFRP hole. This study aims to solve this problem by employing nano-coated drills on multimaterial made of CFRP and aluminium alloy. The influence of cutting parameters on the quality of the holes, chip formation and tool wear were also analyzed. Two types of tungsten carbide drills were used for the present study, one with nano-coating and the other, without nano coating. The experimental results indicated that the shape and the size of the chips are strongly influenced by feed rate. The thrust force generated during drilling of the composite plate with coated drills was 10–15% lesser when compared to that generated during drilling with uncoated drills; similarly, the thrust force in the aluminium alloy was 50% lesser with coated drills when compared to thrust force generated without coated drills. Thus, the use of nano-coated drills significantly reduced the surface roughness and thrust force when compared with uncoated tools.     

Microstructure and activation characteristics of Mg–Ni alloy modified by multi-walled carbon nanotubes

An Mg–6 wt% Ni alloy was fabricated by a casting technique and the drilled chips ball-milled by high energy ball milling to be examined for their hydrogenation modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The activation characteristics of ball-milled alloy are compared with those of the materials obtained by ball milling with 5 wt% MWCNTs for 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 h. MWCNTs enhanced the absorption kinetics considerably in all cases. The hydrogen content of the modified powder with MWCNTs reached maximum hydrogen capacity within 2 min of exposure to hydrogen at 370 °C and 2 MPa pressure. X-ray diffraction analysis provided evidence that no carbon-containing phase was formed during milling. However, milling with MWCNTs reduced the crystallite size, even if the milling was carried out for only an hour. The rate-controlling steps of the hydriding reactions at different milling times were determined by fitting the respective kinetic equations. Evidence is provided that nucleation and growth of hydrides are accelerated drastically by a homogenous distribution of MWCNTs on the surface of the ball-milled powders. We show that MWCNTs are very effective at promoting the hydriding/dehydriding kinetics, as well as in increasing the hydrogen capacity of the magnesium alloy.     

双重介质致密砂岩储集层有效性综合评价——以鄂尔多斯盆地西南部红河油田长81油藏为例

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部红河油田延长组长8¹致密砂岩储集层同时发育孔隙型和裂缝型双重储集空间。孔隙型基质储集层具有填隙物成分复杂、岩石粒度细、孔喉结构复杂、物性差和非均质性强等特性,导致有效储集层特征不明确,储集层产量普遍较低;同时,不同产状、张开度和充填程度的裂缝对基质储集层渗透性改造程度不同,井间产能差异较大。基于岩心分析资料,以测试、生产数据为约束条件,综合运用地质研究和测井手段,选取有利测井相、孔喉结构、储集性、渗透性以及裂缝有效性等五项评价指标对长8¹双重介质致密砂岩储集层进行有效性综合评价,并建立了评价标准。对研究区域内31口井的分析表明,储集层有效性评价结果与生产情况有良好一致性。